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rjIABA V yPOK 4:
HCTOPHH HAIOrOB H CHIA
KOPHOPA^HH
noMHro, B fflKone hbm paccKa3HBanH HCxopHro Po6hh Fy,aa h ero BeceaoH 5paxHH. Moh mKoabHHH yHHxeab CHHxaa, hto penb H^ex o po- MaHTHHecKoM repoe, THna KeBHHa KocTHepa, kto rpa^Ha 5oraTHx, a oTHSToe y HHx pa^flaBaa 5e^HHM. Moh 5oraTHH oTep ne BH^ea b Po5hh Fy,ae repoa. Oh Ha3HBaa Po5hh^ Ty,aa MoraeHHHKoM.
Po5hh Fy,a ^aBHo yMep, ho ero nocHe^oBaTeHH h cero^Ha ^hb^t. ^ HacTo caHray, KaK ara,aH roBopaT: “HoHeMy 5oraHH He naaTaT 3a oto?” HHH “EoraHH ^oa^HH naaTHTb 5oabrae HaaoroB, ^enbTH ot kotophx noH^yT Ha 5e^HHx”.
HMeHHo H^ea Po5hh Ty,aa, T.e. 3a5paTb y 5oraTHx h oT^aTb 5e^- HHM, npHHHHaeT cToabKo 5ohh 5e^HHM H cpe^HeMy Kaaccy. H^era Po- 5hh Ty,aa cero^Ha Bonao^aeT b ^H3Hb HMenno cpe^HHH Kaacc, HaH5o- aee Ta^eao o5ao^eHHHH HaaoraMH. PeaaHH-To b tom, hto 5oraTHe ne TaK o5ao^eHH HaaoraMH, KaK cpe^HHH Kaacc. 3to cpe^HHH Kaacc naa- THT 3a 5e^HHx, oco5eHHo o5pa3oBaHHHH cpe^HHH Kaacc, c bhcokhmh Aoxo^aMH.
Hto5h noaHocTbra nonaTb, hto ^e npoHcxo^HT, HaM cae^yeT B3raa- HyTb Ha HcTopHra HaaoroB. Xots moh BHcoKoo5pa3oBaHHHH oTep 5hh cnepHaaHcToM b hctophh o5pa3oBaHHa, moh 5oraTHH oTep cHHTaa ce5a OKcnepToM B HcTopHH HaaoroB.
EoraTHH oTep o^bacnaa MaHKy h MHe, hto cnaHaaa b AnraHH h b AMepHKe HaaoroB He 5hho. H^pe^Ka BBo^HaHcb BpeMeHHHe HaaorH, hto5h 5hho, HeM naaTHTb 3a boHhh. Kopoab hhh npe3H^eHT 5pocaaH KHHH BHKaa^HBaTb ^eHe^KH. HaaorH 5hhh BBe^eHH b EpHTaHHH, hto- 5h HacKpecTH na 5opb5y npoTHB HanoaeoHa b 1800-1816 rr., h b AMe- pHKe, hto5h onaaTHTb pacxo^H Ha Ppa^^aHcKyra BoHny 1861-1865 rr.
B 1874 r. AnraHa BBeaa nocToaHHHH no,aoxo,aHHH Haaor Ha cbohx rpa^^aH. B 1913 r. no^oxo,aHHH Haaor cTaa nocToaHHHM b AMepHKe c npHHSTHeM 16-oH nonpaBKH k KoncTHTypHH. Ehho h TaKoe, hto aMepH- KanpH 5opoaHcb c HaaoraMH. HMeeTca BBH^y 3HaMeHHToe “EocToncKoe HaenHTHe”, BH3BaHHoe HaaoroM na npH^Hab c npo^a^H Haa. flaHHHH HHpH^eHT homot pa3^eHb peBoarapHoHHyra BoHny aMepHKanpeB npoTHB Baa^HHecTBa AnraHH. flo 50 aeT HoTpe5oBaaocb HpH5aH3HTeabHo h b AnraHH, H B AMepHKe, hto5h bb^cth b ^H3Hb H^era HocToaHHoro Ho^oxo,aHoro Haaora.
Kor,aa tot ^e Ho^aoxo^HHH Haaor BBo^Haca b AMepHKe, 3to Hpe-
78 Po5epx T. KHOcaKH, 0apoH
ncHTcp
HO,aHOCHaocb TaK, 5y,aTO peab ero - noxpacTH ^oraneH. boraxHH oxep xoTea, hto5h mh c M^Hkom oto HoHHMaaH. Oh o5bacHHH, hto napo,a hotom^ h He oHeHb Boapa^aa hpothb BBe^eHHa HaaoroB pasHHx boo5- ^e, h5o 5eflHHM h cpe^HeMy Kaaccy peryaapHo B^aH^HHBaHH b roaoBy, hto HaaorH coa^aBaHHcb HMenno toto, hto5h HaKaaaTb 5oraHeH. MaccH HporoaocoBaaH 3a aaKon o Haaorax, h HaaorH cTaaH KoncTHTypH- ohho aeraabHHMH. Ck^^kh o tom, hto HaaorH HaKa^yT 5oraHeH, o5ep- HyHHcb TeM, hto ohh - HaaorH - y,aapHHH ho TeM caMHM MaccaM, HoA^ep- ^aBfflHM 3aKoH o Haaorax, ho 5e^HoMy h cpe^HeMy KaaccaM.
“O^Ha^^H HpaBHTeabcTBo o^yTHao BKyc ^eHer, h ero aHHeTHTH cTaaH pacTH”, - tobophh 5oraTHH oTep. “TboH oTep h a - coBepraeHHo pa3HHe. Oh - HpaBHTeabcTBeHHHH hhhobhhk, a a - KaHHTaaHcT. B MHpe ^ener mh Be^eM ce5a Ho-pa3HoMy. TBoeMy oTpy HaaTKT 3a to, hto oh pacxo,ayeT ^enbTH, naHHMaa ara,aeH. HeM 5oabrae ara,aeH HanaTo, TeM 5oabrae ^eHer pacxo,ayeTca, h TeM 5oabrae cTanoBHTca opraHH3apHa, r,ae pa5oTaeT tboH oTep. B HpaBHTeabcTBe HeM 5oabrae KaKaa-To opraHH3apHa, TeM 5oabrae yBa^araT ee pyKoBo^HTeaa. C ^pyroH ctopohh, b MoeH opraHH3apHH HeM Menbrae ara,aeH a naHHMara h HeM MeHbrae ^eHer a pacxo,ayra, TeM 5oabrae Mena yBa^araT moh HHBecTopH. Bot HoHeMy a He ara5ara HpaBHTeabcTBeHHHx ara,aeH. Hx peaH pacxo^aTca c peaaMH 5oabraHHcTBa ^eaoBHx ara,aeH. Kor,aa ^e HpaBHTeabcTBo pacTCT, Tpe5yeTca Bce 5oabrae h 5oabrae naaoroB HoA^ep^KH HHHoBHHHbero aHHapaTa”.
MoH o5pa3oBaHHHH oTep HcKpenne BepHa, hto HpaBHTeabcTBo ^oa- ^ho HoMoraTb ara,aaM. Oh ara^Ha fl^^ona O. KeHHe^H, a oco5eHHo ara- 5hh H^era KopHyca MHpa. MoH po^HoH oTep 5hh TaK Bara5aeH b H^era KopHyca MHpa, hto yBacK era h MaTb, h ohh o5a pa5oTaaH na KopHyc MHpa, o5yHaa BoaoHTcpoB, oTHpaBaaBraHxca b MaaaH3Hra, TaHaan^, Ha Ohhhhhhhh. Ot^p Bcer,aa ^o^HBaaca ^oHoaHHTeabHHx rapaHToB h bhh- b^hhH b 5ra,a^eT KopHyca MHpa, hto5h mo^ho 5hho HanaTb 5oabrae ara,aeH b OTy opraHH3apHra, Oh HcKaa cpe^cTBa h pacraHpeHHa raTa-
tob coTpy,aHHKoB B fleHapTaMeHTe o5pa3oBaHHa. 3to 5Haa ero pa5oTa.
C 9 aeT a caHraaa ot cBoero 5oraToro oTpa, hto HpaBHTeabcTBen- HHe hhhobhhkh aBaaaHcb raaH^oH aeHHBHx BopoB, a ot cBoero 5e^Horo oTpa a caHraaa, hto 5oraHH - ^a^HHe MoraeHHHKH, kotophx na^o 3ac- TaBHKTb HaaTHTb 5oabrae HaaoroB. 05e ctopohh BHHaaH Ha Mena. Ehho
Tpy,ano xo^HTb pa5oTaTb Ha o^Horo h3 caMHx KpyHHHx KaHHTaaHcToB b ropo^e H Bo3Bpa^aTbca ^omoH k oTpy, 5HBraeMy bh^hhm HpaBHTeab- cTBeHHHM ^eaTeaeM. Tpy,ano 5hho pa3o5paTbca - KoMy BepHTb.
Xoporao, Kor,aa bh H3yHaeTe hctophm HaaoroB, BHacnaraTca HHTe- pecHHe Be^H. KaK a tobophh, ^eao c HaaoraMH BHropeao aHrab HoToMy, hto MaccH HoBepHHH B Mo^eab okohomhkh Po5hh Ty,aa: 3a5epH y 5ora- HeH H oT^aH KoMy-HH5y,ab e^e. npo5aeMa b tom, hto aHHeTHT HpaBHTeabcTBa ^o ^ene^eK 5hh cToab orpoMen, hto naaorH, HepBona- HaabHo 3a^eBraHe 5oraTHx, 5hhh B3BaaeHH h Ha cpe^HHH Kaacc, h ho-
Ee^HMH nana, EoraTUH nana
79
ffl^o-nocxa^o, flcnbrH noTCK^H h3 cpcflncro K^acca.
EoraTMC, mc^ay tcm, H3MCKa^H bo^mo^hoctb ocHa6HTB 6pcMa HanoroB Ha cc6a, npHflyMaHH cboh npaBH^a HrpM. EoraTMc y^c 3HaHH, hto TaKoc Kopnopa^HH, kotopmc ct^hh nonyHapHM c^e b ^hh napycHMx Kopa6ncH. EoraTMc co^Aa^H Kopnopa^Hro, KaK cpc^cTBo orpaHHHHTb cboh phck othochtchbho aKTHBa B Ka^AoM HHaBaHHH. EoraTMc bho^hhh cboh
flcHBTH B KopHopa^Hro, HTo6m ^HHaHcHpoBaTb MopcHHaBaHHc.
KopHopa^Ha naHHMana OKHHa^, hto6m HHMTb b Hobmh MHp HcKaTb co- KpoBH^a. Echh Kopa6nb HpoHaAan, OKHHa^ paccTaBanca co cbohmh *H3HaMH, ho hotcph 6oraTMx orpaHHHHBaHHcb HHfflb flcnbraMH, hhbcc- THpoBaHHMMH B KoHKpcTHMH MopcKoH Hoxo^. nocncAyro^aa flHarpaM- Ma HoKa3MBacT, KaK KopHopaTHBHaa cTpyKTypa HpoaB^acT cc6a ho ot- HofflcHHro K BafflcMy cHCTy o HpH^MHax H y6MTKax, K 6aHaHcy:
SnaHHc chhm HcraHbHofi cTpyKTypM KopHopa^HH flacT 6oraTMM HcBcpoaTHoc HpcHMy^ccTBo HaA 6cAHMM H cpcAHHM KHaccoM. HmcS AByx o6yHaB0Hx mch^ ot^ob, oahoto - co^Ha^HcTa, Apyroro -KaHHTa^HcTa, a 6mctpo HaHan oco^naBaTb, hto ^hhoco^hs KaHHTa^HcTa 6M^a 6oncc 3HaHHMofi mch3 b ^HHancoBoM HHanc. Mhc Ka^anocb, hto co^HaHHcTM caMH cc6a, B kohchhom chctc, cTaBHHH B hcbmtoahoc ho- ho^chhc H3-3a 6pcfflH B cbocm ^HHancoBoM o6pa3oBaHHH. ToHHa hoa Ho^ynroM “3a6cpcM y 6oraTMx” HoAHHMana Bonny, ho 6oraTMc Bccrfla HaxoAHHH choco6 oKa^aTbca Ha^ tohhoH, 6mt^ yMHcc. Bot TaK HanorH, b koh^c koh^ob, o6pyfflHHHcb bccH cbocH MaccoH Ha cpcahhH K^acc. EoraTMc o6cKaKa^H HHTcHHcKTyanoB HcKHroHHTcnbHo HoToMy, hto ho- HaHH cHHy, BHacTb achct, HpcAMcTa, hc H3yHacMoro B fflKonax.
KaK 6oraTMc hcpcxhtphhh HHTcHHcKTyanoB? KaK toh^ko 6mh bbc-
80 Po5epx T. KHOcaKH, 0apoH
ncHTcp
flCH Haaor no^ aoayHroM “3a5epeM y 5oraxHx", ^eHbrn noxeKaH b npa- BHTeabCTBeHHyro Kaany. flenbrH maH Ha npaBHTeabCTBeHHHx pa5oTHH- kob b ^opMe pa5oT h neHCHH. flenbrH maH k 5oraTHM nepea hx aaBo^H, noayHaBfflHe npaBHTeabCTBeHHHe KoHTpaKTH. HpaBHTeabCTBo npeBpa- THaocb B 5oabraoH peaepByap ^eHer, ho 5Haa h npo5aeMa, saKaraHaB- raaaCH b tom, hto c othmh ^enbraMH ^eaaaH. He 5hho pepHpKyaapHH ^eHer. flpyrHMH CaoBaMH, npaBHTeHbCTBeHHaa noaHTHKa CBo^HHaCb k ToMy, hto5h H35eraTb HaaHHHa H3HHraKa ^eHer, hto KaCaaoCb npaBH-
TeabCTBeHHHX HHHoBHHKoB. EcHH BH HHHoBHHK H He H^paCXo^oBaHH
BH^eaeHHHe BaM 5ra,a^eTHHe aCCHrnoBaHHa, to b CHe^yra^eM 5ra,a^eTe BaM Boo5^e mothh HHHero ne BH^eaHTb h paCCMaTpHBaaH BaC, KaK HeKBaaH^HpHpoBaHHoro pa5orHHKa. Hra,aH 5H3HeCa, C ApyroH cto^ohh, BCer,aa Bo3Harpa^Aa^HCb h Bo3Harpa®Aararca 3a naaHHHe H3HHraKa ^eHer, H 3a H3HHraeK ^ener hx CHHTaaH h CHHTarar KoMneTeHTHHMH ara,abMH.
TaK KaK pHKH pacTy^Hx npaBHTeabCTBeHHHx TpaT npo,aoa^aa HMeTb MecTo, cnpoc na ^enbTH poc, h H^ea “HaaorH 5oraTHx” CTaaa
nepe^eaHBaTbca no^ KaTeropHH HaceaeHHa c 5oaee hh3khm ^oxo,aoM, no^ Tex, kto roaocoBaa 3a “3aKon o naaorax”, no^ ^e^HHH h cpeflHHH Kaacc.
HacToa^He KanHTaaHCTH Hcnoab3oBaaH cBoe ^HHancoBoe 3HaHHe, hto5h yKpenHTb cboh ho3hphh. Ohh HanpaBHHH cboh ycHHHa Ha 3a^HTy KopnopapHH. KopHopapHK 3a^H^aeT 5oraTHx. Ho Hero He 3HaraT mho- THe ara,aH, ne co3^aBaBraHe KopHopapHra, TaK oto to, hto KopHopapHa - 0TyKa He HpocTaa. KopHopapHa - oto cbo^ ^oKyMeHToB, aeraabHHx ^oKyMeHToB, ae^a^Hx b o^Hce a^BoKaTa, 3aperHCTpHpoBaHHHx rocy,aapcTBeHHHM HpaBHTeabCTBeHHHM yHpe^^eHHeM. KopHopapHa - oto He5oabraoe 3flaHHe c Ha3BaHHeM KopHopapHH na ^poHTone. 3to ne 3aBo,a, HHH rpyHHa ara,aeH. KopHopapHa - oto HpocTo aeraabHHH ^oKyMeHT, hto co3^aeT aeraabHoe Teao 5e3 ^yraH. EoraTCTBo 5oraTHx 3^ecb 3a^H^eno pa3 H HaBcer,aa. HTaK, HCHoab3oBaHHe KopHopapHH cTaao HoHyaapHHM Tor,aa, Kor,aa HoaBHHHCb 3aKoHH o hoctokhhom ^oxo^e. Oraao HoHyaapHHM HoToMy, hto pa3Mep Ho^oxo,aHoro naaora KopHopapHH 5hh MeHbrae, HeM HH^HBH^yaabHHe pa3MepH HoAoxo^Horo Haaora. KpoMe Toro, pa^ pacxo^oB KopHopapHH oHaaHHBaaca HpeAHaaoroBHMH AoaaapaMH.
BoHHa Me^^y hm^^hmh h neHMy^HMH ^hhtck cothh aeT. 3to BoHHa tohhh “3a5epeM y 5oraTHx” HpoTHB 5oraTHx. Cpa^eHHe o5ocTpaeTca, KaK ToabKo HoaBaaraTca hobh^ 3aKoHH. Cpa^eHHe 5y,aeT Hpo^oa^aTbca. Ho Hpo5aeMa-To b tom, hto Te, kto cpa^eHHe HpoHrpHBaraT, He HoHHMarar - HoHeMy HpoHrpHBaraT. A oto Be^b Te, kto BCTaeT Ka^^HH ^eHb, H^eT na pa5oTy, HaaTHT naaorH. Echh 5h ohh ToabKo ypa3yMeaH choco5h, KoTopHe HpHMenaraT b CBoeH Hrpe 5oraTHe, h ohh 5h CMoraH HrpaTb b Ty ^e Hrpy. Bot Tor,aa 5h ohh BHraaH Ha ^opory, Be^y^yra k hx co5cTBeHHoH ^HHancoBoH ne^aBHCHMocTH. Mne Ka^^HH pa3 CTanoBHTca He ho ce5e, Kor,aa a caHray, KaK KaKoH-To po^HTeab coBeiy- eT CBoeMy pe5cHKy h^th b raKoay, hto5h hotom HaHTH Ha^e^Hyra, 5e-
BeflHWH nana, BoraxwH Hana
81
aonacnyro pa6oT^. ^ anaro, ^to pa6oTnnK c na^om^ion, 6o3onacnon pa
6otoh 5c3 ^HHaHcoBoH no^roToBKH e^Ba hh H36e^HT ^HHaHcoBHx npo-
6aeM.
Cpe^HecTaTHcTHHecKHe aMepHKan^H cero^Ha pa5oraroT ot 5 ^o 6 Meca^eB Ha npaBHTeabcTBo, noKa He 3apa5oTaroT ^ocTaTonHo, hto5h noKpHTb cboh HaaorH. Ho MoeMy MHeHHro, 3to ^hhhhhh oTpe3oK Bpe- MeHH. HeM ycep^Hee th Tpy,aHrabca, TeM 5oabrae th naaTHrab npaBH- TeabcTBy. Bot noneMy a yBepen, hto H^ea “3a5epeM y 5oraTHx” 5beT no TeM, kto ee noA^ep^HBaeT.
Ka^^HH pa3, Kor,aa ara,aH cTapararca HaKa3aTb 5oraTHx, 5oraTHe He ycxynaraT npocTo TaK, ohh pearHpyraT. V hhx ecTb ^enbTH, BaacTb h HaMepeHHe MenaTb cHxya^Hra b cbom noab3y. EoraTHe He ch^st Ha o^hom Mecxe, naaTa ^o5poBoabHo 5oabrae HanoroB. Ohh H^yT nyTH coKpa^eHHa HaaoroBHx pacxo^oB. Ohh naHHMarar yMHHx a^BoKaToB, 5yxraaTepoB- OKcnepToB H BHHy^^araT hohhthkob MenaTb 3aKoHH hhh co3^aBaTb aeraabHHe aa^eHKH. EoraTHe pacHoaararaT pecypcaMH BHHSTb na Hoao^eHHe Be^eH.
HaaoroBHH Ko^eKc CfflA TaK^e Ho3BoaaeT pa3HHMH HyTSMH oko- HoMHTb Ha Haaorax. Ka^^HH Mo^eT BocHoab3oBaTbca Hpe^oc- TaBaaeMHMH bo3mo^hoct3mh, ho HMeHHo 5oraTHe H3HcKHBarar hx, t.k. ohh ^yMaraT o cBoeM co5cTBeHHoM 5H3Hece. TaK pa3^ea (03) “Ko^eKca o BHyTpeHHHx ^oxo^ax ot He/ocnoBHoH ^eaTeabHocTH^y Ho3BoaaeT Hpo^aB^y 3a^ep^aTb BHHaaxy HaaoroB Ha nacTb He^BH^HMocTH, Hpo- ^aHHoH HoayneHHa ^oxo^oB (HoayneHHHx b pe^yabTaTe pocTa pH- hohhoh ctohmocth aKTHBoB) Hepe3 o5m^h Ha 5oaee ^oporyra nacTb He^BH^HMocTH. He^BH^HMocTb HMeeT HHBecTH^HoHHHH MexaHH3M, ^ara^HH 3HaHHTeabHHe HaaoroBHe HpeHMy^ecTBa. HoKa bh TopryeTe He^BH^HMocTbra c BHro^oH ce5a, Bac He o5aararaT HaaoroM Ha HpH^HHb, Ho3Boaaa BHro^Ho Hpo^aTb KaKyra-To He^BH^HMocTb. Hra,aH, KoTopHe He HoHb3yrarca HpeHMy^ecTBoM TaKHx HaaoroBHx c5epe^eHHH, coBepraeHHo aeraabHHx, yHycKarar orpoMHyra bo3mo^hoct^ cTpoHTb cbom rpa^y “aKTHB”.
Be^HHe H cpe^HHH Kaacc ne HMeraT ho^o5hhx pecypcoB. Ohh ch- ^3T H Ho3BoaaraT HpaBHTeabcTBy BH^HMaTb H3 HHx ^eHbTH. Cero,aHa
Mena raoKHpyeT KoaHHecTBo ara,aeH, KoTopHe HaaTST 5oabrae HaaoroB,
^oBoabcTByraTca He3HaHHTeabHHMH cHH^eHHSMH HaaoroB HpocTo ho- ToMy, hto 5oaTca HpaBHTeabcTBa. ^ tohho 3Hara, KaKoH HcHyr Mo^eT HarnaTb Ha ara,aeH HpaBHTeabcTBeHHHH HaaoroBHH areHT. V Mena ecTb Apy3ba, cBepnyBraHe cboh 5H3Hec, ^py^ba, HeH 5H3Hec pa3BaaHaca, h b 3tom 5hho 3aMeraano HpaBHTeabcTBo. ^ Bce oto oco^nara. Ho caHraKoM 3to BHcoKaa ^ena pa5oTaTb na HpaBHTeabcTBo c aHBapa ho MaH ToabKo H3-3a 5oa3HH ho oTHoraeHHra k HpaBHTeabcTBy. Xots 5eflHHH moh oTe^ 3ToMy HHKor,aa He coHpoTHBaaaca, ^a h 5oraTHH To^e. HpaB^a, 5oraTHH oTe^ Hrpaa b oto Hrpy aoBHee, Aeaaa 3to Hepe3 KopHopa^HH - caMHH 5oabraoH ceKpeT 5oraTHx.
82 Po5epx T. KHOcaKH, 0apoH
ncHTcp
Bh MO^eTe BCHOMHHTb HepBHH ypOK, KOTOpOMy a HayHHHCa y CBO-
ero OTpa. - MaaeHbKHH 9-th aeTHHH MaabHHK, kotophH ^Oa^en 5hh CH^eTb H ^^aTb, HOKa OTep MaH^a cohsbohht HoroBopHTb co mhoH. ^ HacTO CH^ea b ero o^Hce, o^H^aa, HOKa ^o Mena CHHSoH^yT. EoraTHH OTep yMHraaeHHO HTHopHpoBaa Mena. Oh xoTea, hto5h a oco3Haa ero BaacTb, CHHy h xoTea, hto5h h a OAHa^^H OBHa^eH ho^o5hoH BaacTbra h CHHoH. floHTHe ro,aH a yHHHca y 5oraToro OTpa, a oh Bcer,aa HaHOMHHaa MHe, HTO 3HaHHe - 3TO BHacTb. C ^eHbraMH ^e hphxo^ht orpoMHaa BaacTb, Tpe5yra^aa HpaBHHbHHx 3HaHHH, hto5h y,aep^aTb ^enbTH h HpHyMHo^HTb Hx. He 5y,aeT 3HaHHH, h MHp 5y,aeT ToaKaTb co Bcex CTO- poH. EoraTHH OTep hoctokhho naHOMHHaa HaM c MaHKOM, hto 5oabrae Bcero xaoHOT ara,aaM ^ocTaBaaeT He 5occ hhh yHpaBaara^HH, a Haaoro- bhH cay^a^HH. H otot HaaoroBHH CHepHaaHCT Bcer,aa BO3bMCT 5oab- rae, ecHH eMy oto HO3BoaHTb.
HepBHH ypoK - KaK 3acTaBHTb ^eHbTH pa5oTaTb na ce5a, a ne pa- 5oTaTb Ha ^eHbTH - peaHKOM Kacaaca HOHSTHa “BaacTb”. Echh bh pa5oTaeTe na ^eHbrH, bh oT^acTe BaacTb cBoeMy pa^OTo^aTeara. Echh BaraH ^eHbTH pa5oTaraT na Bac, bh HMeeTe BaacTb h KOHTpoab na^ neH.
Kor,aa MH BKycHHH, HTO TaKoe 3HaHHe BaacTH ^ener, pa5oTaB0Hx Ha Hac, 5oraTHH OTep 3axoTea, hto5h mh Bce BpeMa yMHeaH b ^HHan- COBOM Haane h He HO3BoaaaH KOMy-TO ^ocTaBaaTb HaM xaoHOTH. Oh roBopHH, HTO Ha^o 3HaTb 3aKOHH ^eHer, h KaK Bca cHCTeMa pa5oTaeT, roBopHH, HTO 5oabrae Bcero raHraeK ^ocTacTca HeBe^ecTBeHHHM ara,aaM, roBopHH, HTO HHrab 3Haa, HTO roBopHrab H ^eaaerab, HMeerab raanc Hpeo^oaeTb Hpo5aeMH. Oh mhoto HaaTHa ^mhhm 5yxraaTepaM-3KC- HepTaM H a^BOKaTaM. Ehho ^eraeBae HaaTHTb hm, HeM HpaBHTeabCTBy. CaMHH ayHraHH ypoK 5oraToro OTpa Mena, KOTopHM a Hoab3yracb HOHTH BCra ^H3Hb! “By,^b yMHHM, H HHKTO He BO3bMCT Bepx Ha^ To5oH”. Oh 3Haa rapHCHpy,aeHpHra h 5hh 3aKOHOHOcayraHHM rpa^^aHHHOM. Oh 3Haa, HTO He3HaHHe HpaBHa HrpH ^oporo o5xo^HTca. “Echh th 3Haerab, HTO HpaB, TH He 5oHrabCK OTCTaHBaTb CBOH HHTepeCH”.
MoH BHCOKOo5pa3OBaHHHH OTep Bcer,aa B^oxHOBaaa Mena HCKaTb xoporayra pa5oTy b CHabHoH KopHopapHH. EoBopHa, KaK oto HpeKpacHO 3a5HpaTbca BBepx ho cay^e5HoH aecTHHpe b KopHopapHH. Oh ne hohh- Maa, HTO Hoaaraacb aHrab Ha ^ene^HHH HeK ot KopHopaTHBHoro pa5o- TO^aTeaa, a yHO^o5aaracb HOcayranoH KopoBe, roTOBoH ^oHkh.
Kor,aa a paccKa3HBaa 5oraTOMy OTpy o coBeTax CBoero OTpa, oh ToabKo xHxHKaa “A HOHeMy 5h He Baa^eTb co5cTBeHHoH aecTHHpeH?” - roBapHBaa oh. MaabHHraKoH a He HOHHMaa, hto HO,apa3yMeBaa moH 5o- raTHH oTep ho^ Baa^eHHeM co5cTBeHHoH KopHopapHeH. 3to 5Haa H^ea, Ka3aBraaaca neBO3MO^HoH h Hyrara^eH. B HpHHpHHe H^ea MHe HpaBH- aacb, HpaB^a, moH mhhH BO3pacT ne HO3Boaaa MHe Hpe^CTaBHTb Bepo- KTHOCTb Toro, HTO B3pOCHHe KOT,aa-HH5y,ab CTaHyT pa5oTaTb Ha KOMHa- HHra, KOTopoH a 5y,ay Baa^eTb.
^ 3Hara, HTO ecHH 5h ne moH 5oraTHH OTep, a 5h, BepoaTHO, Hocae-
BeflHWH nana, BoraxwH Hana
83
AODan coDOTaM Mooro o6pa30Dannoro OT^a. EnaroAapa 6oraTOMy OT^y, a c^Haca c H^ecH Kor,aa-HH5y,ab DHa^eTb co5ctdchhoh Kopnopa^HCH h DHraea Ha ^opory, Ha kotopoh naxo^ycb h cero^Ha. K 16-th ro^aM a 3Han, hto He nocaeflyra peKoMen^a^HSM Moero o5pa3oDaHHoro oT^a. ^ e^e He 3Haa, hto h3 otodo DHH^eT, ho 5hh TDep^o naMepen ne caefloDaTb D tom ^e HanpaDaeHHH, hto h moh o,aHoKaaccHHKH. 3to peraeHHe H3MeHHao Mora ^H3Hb.
noKa MHe He cTyKHyao 25, cmhch cod^tod 5oraToro oT^a 5hh He do DceM MHe aceH. ^ ToabKo hto yDoaHaca h3 BMO h pa5oTaa d Kopno- pa^HH “KcepoKc”. ^ mhodo 3apa5aTHDaa, ho Ka^^HH pa3, Ha cdoh
^ene^HHH HeK, HcnHTHDaa pa^oHapoDaHHe. Bhh^th 5hhh t^khmh 5oabraHMH. H HeM 5oabrae a pa5oTaa, TeM 5oabrae cTanoDHHHcb DHHe- TH. ^ ycnerano cnpaDHHaca co cdohmh o5a3aHHocT3MH, moh 5occh ro- DopHHH, hto a 3acay^HDara npo^DH^eHHa no cay^e^HoH aecTHH^e h noDHraeHHa ^aaoDaHHa. Mne 3to abcTHao, ho d mohx yraax 3DyHaaH DonpocH Moero 5oraToro oT^a: “Ha Koro th pa5oTaerab?”, “Koro th fleaaerab 5oraTHM?”.
B 1974 r., e^e 5y,ayHH pa5oTHHKoM “KcepoKca”, s c^opMHpoDaa cdom nepDyra Kopnopa^Hra h naHaa npo,ayMHDaTb cdoh co5cTDeHHHH 5H3Hec. Ehho y^e necKoabKo aKTHDoD d MoeH rpa^e “Akthd”, h Tenepb a pa^MHraaaa na^ TeM, KaK yDeaHHHTb cdoH ^kthd. flene^HHe HeKH co cdohmh DHHeTaMH npoacHHHH cmhch cod^tod Moero 5oraToro oT^a.
MnorHe pa5oTo,aaTeaH cHHTarar, hto, ecaH coDeToDaTb cdohm pa- 5oTHHKaM ^yMaTb o cdocm co5cTDeHHoM 5H3Hece, 3to naoxo cKa^eTca Ha Hx, pa5oTo,aaTeaeH, 5H3Hece. YDepen, hto TaKoe DnoaHe DepoaTHo HHor,aa. Ho dot a, ^oKycHpyracb Ha cdocm co5cTDeHHoM 5H3Hece, co- 3AaDaa aKTHD, cTaa KaK pa5oTHHK ayHrae. V Mena 5Haa ^eab. ^ pano cTaa cTpoHTb cdoH 5H3Hec, ho a pa5oTaa npHae^Ho, cKanaHDaa KaK mo^ho 5oabrae ^eHer, KoTopHe 5h a Mor HaHaTb HHDecTHpoDaTb d He^DH^HMocTb. TaDaHH cTanoDHHHcb Dce 5oaee H3DecTHHMH, a ^h^hht, HMeaHcb xoporaHe nepcneKTHDH Hero-HH5y,ab ^o^HTbca d 5H3Hece. HeM 5oabrae a noHHMaa, hto Ha TaDaHax dot-dot pa3pa3HTca OKonoMHHecKHH 5yM, TeM 5oabrae a npo,aaDaa annapaToD “KcepoKc”. HeM 5oabrae a “KcepoKcoD” npoAaDaa, TeM 5oabrae 3apa5aTHDaa, a HeM 5oabrae 3apa5aTHDaa, TeM 5oabrae cTanoDHHHcb dhh^th h3 Moero ^aaoDaHHa. ^ KpyTHaca KaK Mor, a oHeHb cTapaaca DH5paTbca h3 aoDyraKH pa5oT- HHKa, pa5oTaa ycep^Hee. K 1978 r. a dxo^hh d naTepKy ayHraHx npo^aD- ^od “KcepoKcoD”. HacTo 5hh ^ 1, h a othcthhdo noHHMaa, hto oHeHb xoHy DH^paTbca h3 k^hchhhx tohok.
Menee HeM Hepe3 3 ro^a a 3apa5aTHDan 5oabrae d MoeH co5cTDeHHoH ManeHbKoH Kopnopa^HH, aDaara^eHca xoH^HHr-KoMnaHHeH h KoMnaHHeH, 3aHHMaDraeHca onepa^HSMH c He^DH^HMocTbra, HeM a 3apa5aTHDaa d “KcepoKce”. A ^enbrH, KoTopHe 3apa5aTHDaa d cDoeH rpa^e “aKTHD” d cDoeH co5cTDeHHoH Kopnopa^HH, pa5oTaaH na Mena, a ne Ha Toro, kto 5apa5aHHH d ^DepH, npoAaDaa “KcepoKcH”. Tenepb a ayHrae pa^yMea
84 Po5epx T. KHOcaKH, 0apoH
ncHTcp
coBexH 5oraxoro oxpa. bcKope ^ene^HHH hotok h3 Moero aKXHBa cxaa CTOHB CHHCH, hto h KyHHH ce5e 1-hH “noprae”. Moh coTpy,aHHKH ho “KcepoKcy” ^yMaHH, hto a KyHHH MaraHHy Ha cboh KoMHccHoHHHe. HeT. ^ BHo^HH cboH KoMHcchoHHH^ B aKTHB.
Moh ^eHbTH ycep^Ho pa5oTaaH, hto5h 3apa5oTaTb e^e 5oabrae ^eHer. Ka^^HH ^oaaap b rpa^e aKTHB 5hh 5oabraHM pa5oTHHKoM, ycep^Ho Tpy,aacb, co^^aBaa e^e 5oabrae pa5oTHHKoB. floaaapH- pa5oTHHKH KyHHHH MHe hobhH “Hoprae” Ha ^enbTH ^o y,aep^aHHa HaaoroB. ^ naHaa ycep^Hee pa5oTaTb na “KcepoKce”. MoH Haan cpa5aTHBaa, a “Hoprae” 5hh ToMy ^oKa^aTeabcTBoM.
BocHoab3oBaBraHcb ypoKaMH, HoayHeHHHMH ot 5oraToro oTpa, a cmot BH^paTbca h3 “kphchhhx tohok” b paHHeM Bo3pacTe. ^ He 5hh y^e pa5oTHHKoM b aoByraKe. 3to cTaao bo3mo^hhm, 5aaro^apa KpeH- KHM ^HHancoBHM 3HaHHKM, KoTopHe a ycBoHH Hepe3 ypoKH 5oraToro oTpa. Ee3 3thx ^HHancoBHx 3HaHHH, KoTopHe a na^HBara ^HHancoBHM Koo^^HpHeHToM HHTeaaeKTa, mok ^opora k ^HHancoBoH He^aBHcHMoc- TH 5Haa 5h Ky,aa cao^nee. Cero^Ha a yHy ^pyrHx Ha ^HHancoBHx ce- MHHapax B Ha^e^fle, hto cMory Ho^eaHTca mohmh 3HaHHKMH c hhmh. Kor,aa a pa^roBapHBara c ara,abMH, a HaHoMHHara hm, hto OHHancoBHH Koo^^HpHeHT HHTeaaeKTa coctoht h3 ^h^hhH b 4-x c^epax:
^ 1 - 6yxra^TepcKHH yneT. 3to to, hto a na^HBara ^HHancoBoH rpaMoTHocTbra. ^H3HeHHo Ba^no yMeTb cHHTaTb, ecaH bh xotht^ ho- cTpoHTb HMHepHra. HeM 5oabrae KoaHHecTBo ^eHer, 3a KoTopHe bh ot- BeHaeTe, TeM 5oabrae Tpe5yeTca aKKypaTHocTH, tohhocth, hhh 5H3Hec pyxHeT. OHHancoBaa rpaMoTHocTb - oto yMeHHe HHTaTb h HoHHMaTb ^HHancoBHe othcth. 3to yMeHHe ho3bohht BaM oHpe^eaaTb cHay h caa5ocTb b ara5oM 5H3Hece.
^ 2 - HHBecTHpoBaHHe. 3to to, hto a na^HBara HayKoH o ^eHbrax, 3apa5aTHBara^Hx ^enbTH. HnBecTHpoBaHHe BKaraHaeT b ce5a cTpaTerHH H pepeHTH. 3to co^H^aTeabHaa cTopona 5H3Heca.
^ 3 - HOHHMaHHe pwHKa. 3to HayKa o Hpe^ao^eHHH h cHpoce. EcTb HoTpe5nocTb 3HaTb “TexHHHecKHe” acHeKTH pHHKa, hto ny^no pHHKy. Ha^o HoHHMaTb, ecTb HH B KoHKpeTHoM HHBecTHpoBaHHH 3Koho- MHHecKHH cmhch, b hcm ceHHac ny^^aeTca phhok. Ha^o HoHHMaTb OMopHH pHHKa.
MnorHe ara,aH ^yMarar, hto KonpeHpHH HHBecTHpoBaHHa h hohhm^- HH3 pHHKa caHraKoM cao^HH ^e^eH. Po^HTeaH He bh^st, hto ^eTH HHTyHTHBHo ^HaMT ^aHHHe Hpe^MeTH. BcHoMHHTe Po^^ecTBo 1996 r. fleTH hotohobho xoTeaH KyKay ELMO, KoTopyra raHpoKo pa^peKaaMHpo- BaaH, ho KoTopyra neBo^Mo^no 5hho KyHHTb. Bo^HHKaa peaaa HaHHKa, T.K. cHpoc Ha KyKay 5hh orpoMen, a Hpe^ao^eHHe 5hho HyaeBHM. CHe- KyaHHTH 3^opoBo HarpeHH pyKH Ha rope oTHaaBraHxca po,aHTeaeH. Te po^HTeaH, KoTopHM He HocHacTHHBHaocb h^Hth KyKay ELMO, 5hhh
BHHy^^eHH HoKyHaTb Ha Po^^ecTBo ^pyryra HrpyraKy. HeBepoaTHaa HoHyaapnocTb KyKHH ELMO Ka^eTca MHe 5eccMHcaeHHoH, ho 3to
BeflHWH nana, BoraxwH Hana
85
OTnn^nmn npnMop Toro, ^to TaKOO cnpoc n npo^noMonno na pmnKO, d 3KOHOMHKC. AHaHoTHHHme CHTya^HH. KaK H c KyKHoH ELMO, mo^ho Ha5nro,^aTb KacaTenbHo aK^HH, o5nHra^HH, He^DH^HMocTH h 5eHc5oHb- Hmx KapToneK.
X” 4 - SHaHHe OKOHOMHnecKHx saKOHOB, ropHcnpyaeH^HH. Mm
y^e roDopHHH o KopnopapHax. TaK dot ecnH d KopnopapHH xopomo no- cTaDHeno fleno c 5yxranTepcKHM yneToM, HHDecTHpoDaHHeM, 3HaHHeM pmHKa - ee ^^ct HeDepoaTHmH pocT, a ecnH nenoDeK 3HaeT o HanoroDmx npeHMyroecTDax KopnopapHH h 3a^HTe, o5ecnenHDaeMoH KopnopapHeH, oh Mo^eT pa35oraTeTb 3HaHHTenbHo 5mcTpee, neM KaKoH-To pa5oTHHK HHH MeHKHH npe^npHHHMaTeHb. HenoDeKy ny^no 3HaHHe 3aKonoD, pery- HHpyroroHx OKonoMHKy. HenoDeK, 3HaroroHH 3aKonm okohomhkh, chodho neTaeT, Tor,^a KaK He3HaroroHH nenoDeK xo^ht no 3eMne.
1. Broro,aro, o6ecneHHBaeMwe KopnopapHHM cy^ecTByro^eH CHCTeMOH Ha^oroBoro o6^o*eHHH.
KopnopapHa Mo^eT ^enaTb MHoroe, nero He Mo^eT o,^hh nenoDeK. HanpHMep - onnaHHDaTb pacxo^m npe^^e, hcm 3annaTHT HanorH. Kop- nopapHa - noTpacaroroaa raTyKa, ho, He HMea no^xo,aaroero aKTHDa hhh 5H3Heca, Dpa^ hh noayHHTca ^anaTbca KopnopaTHDHoH pa5oroH.
Pa5oTHHKH 3apa5aTmDaroT, naaTaT HaaorH h cTaparoTca ^HTb Ha to, hto ocTacTca nocae ynaaTm HaaoroD. KopnopapHa 3apa5aTmDaeT cToabKo, cKoabKo Mo^eTe HHH Hy^Ho, H o5aaraeTca HaaoraMH Ha to, hto ocTaaocb. 3to o^Ha h3 caMmx 5oabraHx HeraabHmx HaaoroDmx aa^eeK, kotopoH noab3yroTca 5oraTme. Ha^eHKH Doo5roe co3^aroTca 5e3 oco5oro Tpy,aa, o5xo^aTca He^oporo, ecaH Dm DHa^eeTe HHDecTHpHSMH, npo- ^ypHpyroroHMH xoporaHH ^ene^HmH hotok. Echh Dm Daa^eeTe co5cTDen- hoH KopHopapHeH, to ^ace^aHHa HpaDaeHHa na EaDaHax HpeDparoaroTca D oT^mx. KopHopapHa HeceT pacxo^m 3a DmHaaTm Ha MaraHHm, cTpa- xoDKy MaraHH, p^moht MaraHH, oHaaHHDaror TpeHa^epHmH 3a^, HacTHHHo oHaaHHDaeT pecTopanm. H TaK ^aaee h tom^ Ho^o^Hoe, ho Dce AeaaeTca aeraabHo, ^oHa^oroDmMH ^oHaapaMH.
2. 3a^HTa ot cy,ae6Hwx npopeccoB.
Mm ^HDeM D cyTa^HHHecKoM o5roecTDe. Bce ot Te5a Hero-To xotst. EoraTme HpaHyT 3HaHHTeabHyro HacTb cDoero 5oraTcTDa Hocpe^cTDoM KopHopapHH H TpacToD, T.e. 3aroHroaa cdoh aKTHDm ot Kpe^HTopoD. Kor,aa kto-to HpecaeflyeT d cy,ae5noM Hopa^Ke 5oraHa, to HacTo HaTaaKHDaeTca Ha choh HeraabHoH 3a^HTm h HacTeHbKo o5napy^HDaeT, hto 5oraH-To HpaKTHHecKH HHHeM He DHa^eeT. EoraHH KoHTpoaHpyroT Dce, ho hhh^m He DHa^eroT. Be^Hme h cpeAHHH Kaacc cTaparoTca DHa^eTb DceM, ho ycTyHaroT HpaDHTeabcTDy; kto-to h3 hhx cyTa^HHHaeT ho KaKoMy-To HoDo^y c 5oraTmMH, oto Te, kto H^eT 3a Po5hh Ey,aoM: “EepH y 5oraTmx, oT^aDaH 5eflHmM”.
U,eab 3toH khhth HecKoabKo HHaa, HeM D^aDaTbca d cHepH^HKy Daa- ^eHHa KopHopapHeH. Xots a cKa^y, hto ecaH Dm DHa^eeTe k^khm-to aerHTHMHmM aKTHDoM, a 5m coDeToDaa DaM y3HaTb 5oabrae o HpeHMy-
86 Po5epx T. KHOcaKH, 0apoH
ncHTcp
^ecTBax H aa^Hxe, npe^aaraeMHx KopnopapneH, h KaK mo^ho 5HCxpee. EcTb MHoro KHHT o5 3tom, T,ae Bce ^eTaaH3HpoBaHo, r,ae tobophtck o raarax, Tpe5yra^Hxca ocnoBaHHa KopnopapHH. B nacTHocTH, KHHra “Co^^aH KopnopapHra h cTanb 5oraTHM” xoporao paccKa3HBaeT o cHae co5cTBeHHHx KopnopapHH.
OHHancoBHH Koo^^HpHeHT HHTeaaeKTa - oto cyMMa mhothx 3Ha- hhH h TaaaHToB, KoM^HHapHa 4-x BHraeo3HaneHHHx c^ep - cocTaBaa- ra^Hx ^HHancoBoH pa3yMHocTH. Echh Bac BaeHCT 5oabraoe 5oraTcTBo, yKa3aHHHe BHrae 4 ^aKTopa, hx 3HaHHeM cyMMe 3^opoBo noMoryT BaM; T.e. ecaH bh oBaa^eeTe othmh ^aKTopaMH, Bac ^^ct 5oabraoe ^HHan- coBoe 5y,ay^ee.
B HTore:
BoraTwe c KopnopapHHMH
1. 3apa5aTHBaraT.
2. TpaTST.
3. naaTST HaaorH.
^ro,5H, pa6oTaro^He na
KopnopapHro
1. 3apa5aTHBaroT.
2. naaTST HaaorH.
3. TpaTST.
KaK HacTb BaraeH BceoxBaTHBaroroeH ^HHancoBoH cTpaTerHH, mh HacToaTeabHo peKoMen^yeM BaM Baa^eHHe co5cTBeHHoH KopnopapHeH, 3aB33aHHoH Ha BaraHx aKTHBax.
BeflHWH nana, BoraxwH Hana
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