Artikillar Artikllarning ikki turi mavjud Indefinite -a, an Definite -the Noaniq artikl (a, an) qadimiy ingliz tilidagi one

31. 'Out of' outside' out
Out of is the opposite of into when we are describing movement:
We ran out of the burning building.
Compare:
We got into the car in a hurry.
Out of is the opposite of in when there is no movement invied.
Mr.Ray is out of the office (=He is not in)
My, Ray is in his office
(=He ia not out)
Out is sometimes used informally as a preposition
Don't throw your bus ticket out the window.= (out of the window)
Outside can sometimes replace out of to describe movement.
We ran outside the burning building.
But without further information, this can also be taken to mean that we were already outside it when we began to run.
Inside and into stand in the same relationship:
We ran inside the burning building.
Can also be taken to mean we were already inside it when we began to run.
Without movement, outside cannot replace out of.
He is outside his office means 'he is (standing) immediately outside it'
He is out of his office means ' he is not, here, he is somewhere else'.
Outside and inside can be used as adverbs;
Into and out of can only be used as prepositions.
He is inside/outside we rushed inside/outside
It is always safer to use into and out of as prepositions rather than outside and inside to mean, from one place to another'.
In/out can be used as adverbs. He's in/out.
32. 'Over', 'above', 'on top of'
Over can have the sense of, 'covering' (and sometimes, touching), and it's opposite under (=covered by).
Above stresses the idea of "at a higher level" (i.e. not touching)
Keep the blankets over you.
I can't sleep with a light on above my head.
On top of generally suggests 'touching'
Don't put anything on top of the TV please.
Don't put anything on top of the TV please.
For across and over
Above and over can often be used interchangeable with verbs of movement.
I'd like to fly above/over the Amazon.
Over and above can be used interchangeable in the sense of, verdically at a higher level,
The helicopter was over/above the life boat.
My bedroom is over/above the kitchen
However, they are not interchangeable when all we are concerned with is a higherer level (not vertically at a higher level) If for example we were referring to two cats on a tree we would say that
A was above. B , not over
It. In general terms, over and under indicate vertical relationships, while above and below refer simply to levels.
Over and above have different figurative uses.
Over means "in change of":
We don't want anyone like that over us.
Above can mean 'a higher rank'
Major is above the rank of Cap tain
Over (and less commonly above) can mean 'more than'
He isn't over (above/ more than) ten.
Above (not over) is used to measure on a scale:
His work is above average
Both over and above combine with see: see over (=look at the next page): see above (=look further up the same page/reter to the previous page).
Over can Combine with turn, in turn over (a page), and it's opposite is turn back.
33 'to'
When to is associated with the infinitibe It is not a preposition: I want to go. She began to cry. ete. However, afrer verbs such as object or adjectives such as accus tomed, to is a preposition
This means it can be followed by a noun or a gerund.
I'm accustomed to hard work.
I'm accustomed to working hard.