Introduction
As the basis of the economy changes from manufacturing products to creating and
managing knowledge, and as organisations reduce the number of managerial layers,
greater skill levels and greater capacity to develop new skills are expected of more
and more employees. Rapidly changing business environments, characterised by
greater competitiveness in global markets, a need to reduce costs, and changes in
technology place substantial demands on organisations and their employees
(Watkins and Marsick, 1993). Organisations will meet these demands in many ways,
but one approach will be to empower employees, encourage self-directing team
work, and support participatory management. In addition to remaining current in
their own fields, employees will need to learn many generic skills including speaking
to groups, writing technical correspondence, negotiating with others, and making
decisions in situations where traditional practice no longer applies. Watkins and
Marsick argued that now, more than ever, employees must undertake continuous
and collective learning. Learning is now seen as a lifelong endeavour (Knapper and
Cropley, 1991). In this changing world, it becomes essential to understand how
employees learn and think in the workplace. In this article we report the development
of measures of employees’ conceptions of their learning at work and of their learning
environment at work, and report the relations observed among these measures in
two studies.
Learning in the workplace can only be successful if there is a commitment from
employers. Watkins and Marsick (1993) argued that, in addition to providing job
training, organisations must consider factors such as the way in which work is
designed, external environmental conditions, reward systems, and governing poli-
cies. Organisations which attend to these areas and develop them in light of their
mission are called ‘Learning Organisations’. Watkins and Marsick indicated that
Learning Organisations do the following:
(a) connect the organisation to the environment;
(b) promote discussion, team learning and collaboration;
(c) empower employees towards a collective vision;
(d) develop systems to record and share learning; and
(e) create continuous learning opportunities.
Clearly, organisations are creating new and varied learning challenges for their
employees. The pace at which organisations are evolving is necessitating an approach
to learning which involves integrating material from multiple sources, evaluating
new information in relation to previous knowledge, making connections to form
deeper levels of understanding, and applying knowledge differentially according to
the circumstances of the situation.
Yet little research has actually been conducted regarding how employees approach
workplace learning. Most of the advice which does exist (for instance, Senge, 1990)
is based upon opinion and conjecture, or worse, fads, bandwagons, and buzzwords
(see Hilmer and Donaldson, 1996, for a critique). Although little is known about how
workers approach learning on the job, or about the factors that encourage or discour-
age deeper workplace learning, a great deal is known about how students approach
learning and about the factors which lead to various forms of learning. We chose
the student learning research as our starting point.
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