Article in e ğ itim ve Bilim · September 020 doi: 10. 15390/EB. 2020. 9015 citation reads 941 authors: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects

 
Participant observations.
Participant observations help the researcher to develop a good 
understanding of the context by drawing a holistic picture of behaviors, interactions, or events within 
it (Schoen, 2007). In this study, the researcher carried out participant observations at every stage of the 
research process. He also spent time with students during breaks to become a part of the class. Data 
obtained from participant observations were used to design the action plans and interpret the research 
findings.
 
Reflective dairies.
Reflective diaries refer to the written records of thoughts, feelings, 
impressions, or comments related to personal experiences (Ersoy, 2015; Johnson, 2014; Mertler, 2006) . 
In this study, the researcher kept a reflective diary of his experiences at every stage of the research 
process. Similarly, 
Teacher C.
kept a diary to write down her feelings, thoughts, and suggestions 
regarding the classroom activities. Students, on the other hand, engaged in guided dairy writings that 
included questions about a specific teaching activity. Feedback received from these diaries contributed 
to the improvement of teaching activities and the interpretation of study findings.
 

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Education and Science 2021, Vol 46, No 205, 19-47 
M. Aşıkcan & A. Saban
27 
Conversation type interviews.
According to Patton (2014), there are three types of interviews: 
conversation type interviews, semi-structured interviews, and structured interviews. In this study, 
conversation type interviews were conducted with 
Teacher C.
and students during the implementation 
process. In the interviews, participants’ opinions about the application of teaching activities (i.e., 
whether they were useful and interesting, or what other types of activities could be applied) were 
sought with open-ended questions.