Amea folklor institutu

Prof. Dr. Mikheil Svanidze
Assistant Prof. Dr. Nana Kacharava, Tbilisi
Evliya Chelebi, the famous Turkish adventurer of the 17^th century, travelled throughout the whole Georgia and wrote down what he saw in the country. When describing Georgians, he introduced the phrase “kavm-i necip” (Eng.: Noble People), which later spread throughout the Ottoman Empire as an epithet for those who had the Georgian origin.
Chelebi’s contemporary Ottoman Empire was the military and feudal state with several characteristic peculiarities. Namely, one of the peculiarities was the fact, that there was no any other hereditary feudal aristocracy in the country except the Ottoman dynasty. So, the ordinary citizen of the Empire had a chance to occupy any of the existing high positions in the society presented according by the Ottoman Empire law, however, with one precondition, to accept the Islam. Therefore, very often, those who were yesterday’s slaves were destined to occupy even the position of the Grand Vizier, let alone that of Vizier, Vali or Sanjak Bey. Thus, neither social state nor the ethnical origin of a person, who was a Muslim, could have hindered his success.
The paper is the overall survey of the abovementioned epoch and includes the information about when Georgians appeared at the Ottoman Empire arena; the reasons why did they appear there; some facts that are related to many of those Georgians from the “High Court” hierarchy, among them, two Grand Viziers, both of them called as Gurji Mehmed Pasha; Yusuf Pasha, who was promoted from the position of the leader of Jenichars to that of the Grand Vizier’s (was hanged lately); the Grand Vizier, Ghazi Hasan Pasha and Koca Yusuf Pasha (the latter was later promoted by Ghazi Hasan Pasha); the fleet admiral, Kuchuk Husein and many others. There were many scholars, scientist, poets, painters with the Georgian origin, who served at the military, civil and clerical arenas of the Ottoman Empire, including the wives of the Padishahs and the princes side by side with those Georgians.
XVII s.-is cnobilma mogzaurma evlia Celebim saqarTvelo kidiT kidemde Semoiara da nanaxi aRwera. Tavis “mogzaurobis wignSi” man qarTvelebis mimarT ixmara gamoTqma ,,keTilSobili xalxi~ (kavm-i necip). SemdgomSi es fraza osmaleTSi gavrcelda da qarTvelTa epiTetad iqca. Mmogzaurma Tavis CanawerebSi Semogvinaxa SavSeTis qarTvelTa laparakis magaliTebi, yoveldRiuri sasaubro frazebi. man Tavis wignSi axsena megrelebi, rogorc adgilobrivi da uZvelesi xalxi, romlebic imdenad swrafad metyveleben, rom maTi gageba sakmaod rTulia da rom sxvadasxva regionSi gansxvavebuli megruliT saubroben¹⁶⁵. osmalur wyaroTa umravlesoba aRniSnavs, rom qarTvelebi tanadi, Tvaladi, gamorCeuli rasaa. cnobili arian vaJkacobiT, simamaciT, meomari suliT, marjve CubinobiTa da brZolis ostatobiT. gansakuTrebiT ki ganTqmulia qarTvel qalTa silamaze.
stambolSi gamoqveynda axalgazrda Turqi istorikosis muraT kasafis monografia saxelwodebiT “osmaleTis qarTvelebi”¹⁶⁶. masSi mocemulia mokle biografiebi TurqeTSi sxvadasxva dros mcxovrebi qarTvelebisa, romlebmac garkveuli wvlili Seitanes osmaleTis politikur Tu kulturul cxovrebaSi. wigni dawerilia mravalricxovani wyaroebisa da samecniero literaturis Seswavlis safuZvelze. Aavtorma sakvlev TemasTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyena TurqeTis premier-ministris arqivsa da sxva arqivebSi daculi sxvadasxva saxis sabuTebi. igi kargad icnobs saWiro samecniero literaturas Turqul da evropul enebze.
mokled mimovixilavT epoqas, romelSic gamoCndnen qarTvelebi osmaleTis imperiis asparezze; mizezebi Tu ratom aRmoCndnen isini iq; movitanT garkveul faqtebs, dakavSirebuls@”maRali portis” ierarqiaSi moRvawe qarTuli warmoSobis pirovnebebTan imdroindel saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi. Eeseni arian: ori did veziri da orive gurji mehmed faSa; ieniCerTa meTaurobidan did vezirad dawinaurebuli iusuf faSa, romelic mere CamoaxrCves; didi veziri Razi hasan faSa; am ukanasknelis mier dawinaurebuli koja iusuf faSa; flotis admirali quCuq huseini.
osmaleTi samxedro-feodaluri saxelmwifo iyo da rigi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda. qveyanaSi ar arsebobda memkvidreobiTi feodaluri aristokratia garda osmalTa dinastiisa. Aamitom kanoniT saxelmwifoSi arsebuli yvela Tanamdeboba TiTqmis misawvdomi xdeboda yvela muslimisaTvis. xSiri iyo SemTxveva, rodesac guSindeli mona saxelmwifos didveziris pozicias ikavebda, rom araferi vTqvaT veziris, valis Tu sanjaybegis Tanamdebobebze. amisaTvis ar hqonda mniSvneloba arc socialur mdgomareobas da arc eTnikur warmoSobas. saWiro iyo mxolod erTi piroba: mahmadianoba, romlis miReba aravis ekrZaleboda.
im dros, rodesac osmaleTi saqarTvelos gaumezoblda, saqarTvelo politikurad daSlili iyo calkeul samefo-samTavroebad, ris gamo dasustda misi Tavdacvisunarianoba da daiwyo qveynis teritoriebis mitaceba. mas mohyva tyveTa syidvis gaZliereba da qarTveli tyveebis didi nawili osmaleTSi aRmoCnda. XIX saukuneSi ruseTis xelSewyobiT amas daemata qarTveli mahmadianebis gadasaxleba osmaleTSi (muhajiroba).
tyveTa syidva saqarTvelosaTvis udidesi tragedia iyo. Qqveyana icleboda qarTvelebisagan. qarTuli geni, qarTuli jiSi, qarTuli sisxli akldeboda saqarTvelos. qarTveli memetiane papuna orbeliani mwuxarebiT werda: “aRar darCa kaci qveynad, urumis qveyana qarTlis kaciT gaivso.”¹⁶⁷ sazRvargareT gayidulTaTvis iwyeboda meore cxovreba. NmaT namdvilad mZime momavali elodaT. Mmagram dRevandeli mona SeiZleba sxvisi batoni gamxdariyo, rac damokidebuli iyo misive pirad Rirsebebze, Wkua-gonebaze, vaJkacobaze, patronisadmi erTgul samsaxurze, Tavdadebaze. Aamitom osmaleTSi an sxva muslimur qveyanaSi moxvedrili qarTvelebi am Rirsebebis, niWisa da unaris wyalobiT swrafad aRwevdnen Tavs monur mdgomareobas, male winaurdebodnen da iRebdnen maRal Tanamdebobebs.
XVI saukunis dasawyisidan osmaleTi TandaTanobiT aZlierebs Tavis yuradRebas saqarTvelos mimarT. Aim droidan osmaleTis politikur asparezze TandaTan Cndebian gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi, xolo saukunis bolos erT-erTi maTgani didi veziric ki gamxdara. Ggurji mehmeT faSa warmoSobiT pirveli qarTvelia, romelic osmaleTis didi veziri gaxda. igi bavSvobaSi dautyvevebiaT da osmaleTSi monad gauyidiaT. muraT kasafi Tavis wignSi “osmaleTis qarTvelebi” iZleva arqivebSi moZiebul didveziris suraTs.¹⁶⁸ erTi SexedviT misi garegnoba sakmaod araordinarul STabeWdilebas tovebs: TeTri pirisaxis uSnod gasuqebul kacs saxeze wver-ulvaSis natamali ar etyoba. saqme is gaxlavT, rom gurji mehmedi bavSvobaSive dausaWurisebiaT. suleiman I-is (1520-1566) mefobis wlebSi, rodesac didi veziri semiz ali faSa (1561-1565) gaxda, man Tavisi TeTri saWurisi mona, gurji mehmedi sulTnis sasaxleSi moiyvana. aqedan iwyeba misi kariera. igi dainiSna sasaxlis kafi aRad da sulTnis sasaxlis TeTrkanian saWurisTa ufrosi gaxda. mis movaleobas Seadgenda sulTnis sasaxlis gamgebloba, audenciaze sulTanTan ucxo saxelmwifoTa elCebis wardgena, qveyanaSi mogzaurobis dros fadiSahisa da ufliswulis Tanxleba da sxva. am Tanamdebobaze yofnisas man didZali qoneba daagrova saCuqrebis xarjze. ucxo qveynebis elCebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, nebismieri rigiTi veziris sulTnis winaSe wardgomis ufleba mis xelSi iyo.
im dros, rodesac gurji mehmedi sulTnis sasaxleSi msaxurobda, osmalebis mier datyvevebuli qarTlis mefe simon I stambolSi Caiyvanes da iedi yules cixeSi gamoketes (1600 w.). qarTvelebma simonis tyveobidan ganTavisuflebis mizniT stambolSi delegacia gagzavnes. maT am sakiTxSi daxmareba gurji mehmeds sTxoves. saqme kargad midioda, magram 1603 wels iranma osmaleTs omi gamoucxada da simon mefis tyveobidan gamoxsna CaiSala, radgan saqarTvelo iranis mokavSire iyo osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi.
gurji mehmed faSa samjer asrulebda didi veziris movaleobas, xolo 1622 wlis 21 seqtembridan 1623 wlis 5 Tebervlamde anu 4 Tve da 14 dRe didi veziri iyo. sasaxleSi amtydar areulobasTan dakavSirebiT igi Rirseulad gadadga didveziris Tanamdebobidan.
Cans, gurji mehmed faSa yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals saqarTveloSi momxdar ajanyebas yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg da rodesac 1625 wels stambolSi Cavida saqarTvelos elCoba giorgi saakaZis (didi mouravis) davalebiT, gurji mehmed faSam daxmareba aRmouCina qarTvelebs. igi am dros didi veziris movaleobas asrulebda. murad IV-m did mouravs gaugzavna firmani, romelSic qarTvelebs yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg omSi daxmarebas hpirdeboda.
1625 wels didvezir rejeb faSam brali dasdo gurji mehmed faSas, baRdadis laSqrobaSi ar mogveSveleo da ieniCrebi da meomrebi aujanya mas. janyi imiT damTavrda, rom ieniCrebma 90 wlis mxcovani faSa mokles.¹⁶⁹ igi osmaleTis 78-e didi veziri iyo, 70 welze meti erTgulad emsaxura osmaleTs da cxra fadiSahis gamocvlas moeswro. Turquli da evropuli wyaroebi erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom gurji mehmed faSa iyo Wkviani, windaxeduli, Rirseuli, mtkice nebisyofis saxelovani saxelmwifo moRvawe.
osmaleTis politikur cxovrebaSi aseve aqtiuri roli Seasrula meore gurji mehmed faSamac. igi 113 wlis asakSi gardacvlila. axalgazrdobaSi brZolebSi vaJkacobiTa da mamacobiT iyo cnobili. Semdgom ukve asakis gamo koja (beberi) gurji mehmed faSa Searqves. 1651 wlis 17 seqtembridan 1652 wlis 28 ivnisamde, rva Tve da 23 dRe gaxldaT didi veziri. am Tanamdebobaze daaxloebiT asi wlis asakSi dainiSna da imperiis 99-e didi veziri iyo. politikur metoqeebs Tavidan iSorebda da maT stambolidan Sors, sasulTnos ganapira mxareebSi agzavnida. mowinaaRmdegeebsa da urCebs ase arigebda: “am qveyanaSi Cemze xnieri kaci ar dadis. wveri saxelmwifos samsaxurSi gamWaRaravebia. amitom Tqvenc da sxvebmac pativi unda sceT Cems asaksa da gamocdilebas da Cems sityvas daemorCiloTo.“ moxsnis Semdeg kidev aTi weli icocxla da am aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi aTi didi veziris gamocvlas moeswro. gurji mehmed faSa yofila rbili xasiaTis, fadiSahTan daaxloebulebisa da maRali rangis saxelmwifo moxeleebis maamebeli kaci. mas bevri axali Tanamdeboba SemouRia da zedmetad fulis flangvasac ar moridebia; jarisTvis ulufa gauzrdia da xalxs igi hyvarebia.¹⁷⁰
erT-erTi didi veziri iusuf faSa ieniCerTa rigebidan dawinaurda da ieniCerTa aRa (meTauri) gaxda. Cveni varaudiT, igi bavSvobaSi moitaces da osmaleTSi gayides. Tavisi vaJkacobiT ieniCerTa rigebSi aRmoCnda da male dawinaurda. 1711 wels iusuf faSam monawileoba miiRo prutis laSqrobaSi, rusebis winaaRmdeg omSi Tavi gamoiCina da xeli Seuwyo petre pirvelis alyaSi moqcevas. ruseTma delegacia gagzavna TurqeTis did vezir balTaji mehmeT faSasTan da zavi SesTavaza mas. am ukanasknelma ar icoda, rom ruseTis armia alyaSi iyo moqceuli da ruseTis winadadeba miiRo. 1711 wlis 12 ivliss daido zavi ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris. Mmale cnobili gaxda, rom zavis wyalobiT petre pirveli gadaurCa osmaleTis tyveobas. ganrisxebulma ahmed III (1703-1730) gadaayena balTaji mehmeT faSa da mis adgilze did vezirad daniSna iusuf aRa faSa. Mmas es Tanamdeboba 1711 wlis 20 noembridan 1712 wlis dekembramde (anu 11 Tve da 22 dRe) ekava da osmaleTis 133-e didveziri gaxldaT. radganac igi ieniCerTa meTaurobidan dawinaurda, iusuf aRa faSas saxeliT moixsenieba. Mmas petre pirveli rom daetyvevebina, samaradJamod ukvdavyofda Tavis saxels. igi iyo maRali, axovani, simpatiuri, warmosadegi aRnagobis mamakaci. gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavdnen mis mkacr da principul xasiaTs; igi ukompromiso da avtoritet saxelmwifo moRvawed aris cnobili. rogorc saarqivo masalebidan irkveva, mas Turquli kargad arc scodnia. radgan didveziris Tanamdeboba ieniCarTa meTaurobidan miiRo, biurokratiul sakiTxebSic maincdamainc ver erkveoda.Mpirdapiri, mkacri da ukompromiso xasiaTis gamo sulTanTan urTirToba garTulebia, rac misi kunZul rodosze gagzavnisa da CamoxrCobis mizezi gaxda.
muraT kasafs Tavis SesaniSnav da saintereso monografiaSi didvezirTa siaSi, Cveni azriT, gamorCa osmaleTis gamoCenili saxelmwifo moRvawe gazi hasan faSa. am ukanasknels ekava kafudan deria faSas (flotis mTavarsardali) Tanamdeboba da cxovrebis bolos ki (1790 wlis 2 ianvari – 1790 wlis 14 maisi) didveziroba eboZa. samecniero literaturaSi gazi hasan faSas warmomavlobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisia gamoTqmuli: zogi mas alJirels uwodebs, zogi – somexs, zogi wers, rom igi kavkasieli iyo.
qarTvelma istorikosma prof. d.janeliZem daasabuTa, rom igi qarTvelia. am Tvalsazriss mecnieri amtkicebs stambolSi ruseTis saelCos masalebis analizis safuZvelze. d.janeliZem moskovSi ruseTis sagareo politikis arqivSi miakvlia gazi hasan faSas saubris Canawers, romelic Sedga stambolSi ruseTis saelCoSi Tavad gabriel tarbaiZesTan.
1789 wels kairoSi Cavida qarTveli Tavadi gabriel tarbaiZe Tavisi Zmis, kairos begis suleimanis mosanaxuleblad. samSobloSi dabrunebisas ukana gzaze man gaiara stambolSi. Zmam suleimanma mas gaatana sarekomendacio werili gazi hasan faSasTan. Dda ai, stambolSi moxda Tavadisa da faSas Sexvedra. zemoT aRniSnuli ruseTis saelCos dRiuris Canaweridan irkveva, rom maT Soris saubari, romelic Sedga 1789 wlis 21 Tebervals, mimdinareobda qarTul enaze. Sexvedris bolos kafudan faSa “TviTon acxadebs, rom dabadebulia mefe erekles samefoSi, daba fSavelSi (fSavi), romelic kavkasiis mTebSi mdebareobs mozdokidan ramdenime dRis, xolo duSeTidan – xuTi saaTis savalze. sazRvargareT bavSvobaSi moxvedrila da samSobloSi ded-mama da biZa darCenia.”¹⁷¹ hasan faSas gabriel tarbaiZisaTvis uTxovia: “Tu mamaCemi cocxalia, ipove da gamomigzavne, davasaCuqreb da isev saqarTveloSi davabrunebo.”¹⁷² am cnobidan dasturdeba, rom gazi hasan faSa qarTvelia. amave dros misi suraTidan agreTve kargad Cans, rom igi tipiuri qarTvelia.
gazi hasan faSas axlo urTierToba hqonda osmaleTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebTan da exmareboda maT. Aam dros igi osmaleTSi didi avtoritetiTa da gavleniT sargeblobda. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa Semdegi faqti: 1782 wlis 31 dekembridan 1789 wlis 7 ianvramde osmaleTSi sami didi veziri Seicvala. samiveni halil hamid faSa, Sahin ali faSa da koja iusuf faSa qarTvelebi iyvnen. samive qarTvelis erTmaneTis miyolebiT did vezirad daniSvna, Cveni dakvirvebiT, SemTxveviTi ar yofila da maT politikur arenaze dawinaurebaSi lomis wili gazi hasans miuZRoda.
am sam qarTvel did vezirTa Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs koja iusuf faSa. cnobilia, rom igi gazi hasan faSas daxmarebiT dainiSna. koja iusuf faSa orjer gaxldaT didi veziri: pirvelad sulTan abdul hamidis (1774-1789) mefobis wlebSi 1786 wlis 25 ianvridan 1789 wlis 7 ivnisamde; meored ki – selim III-is (1789-1807) mefobis dasawyisSi, 1791 wlis 27 Tebervlidan 1792 wlis 4 maisamde. koja iusuf faSa iyo ruseTis aqtiuri mowinaaRmdege da ibrZoda georgievskis traqtatis gauqmebisaTvis. misi energiuli monawileobiT 1787 wlis 24 agvistos osmaleTma omi gamoucxada ruseTs.
1789 wels taxtze selim III avida da Seudga qveyanaSi reformebis gatarebas. koja iusuf faSa reformatorTa rigebSi Cadga. reformebis warmatebiT gatarebisaTvis saWiro iyo ruseTTan omis Sewyveta da zavis dadeba. selim III-m ruseTTan sazavo molaparakeba daavala koja iusuf faSas, xolo ruseTis jarebis mTavarsardalma feldmarSalma giorgi potiomkinma – sergi laSqarovs, romelic aseve qarTveli iyo. es metad sayuradRebo faqtia: ruseTis saxelmwifo interesebs icavda qarTveli da mowinaaRmdege osmaleTisas _ aseve qarTveli. STambeWdavi iqneboda sapirispiro mxares mdgari ori qarTvelis Sexvedra. Ddaelaparakebodnen gana isini erTmaneTs qarTulad, romelic orivem SesaniSnavad icoda, Tu saerTod ar SeimCnevdnen qarTvelobas?! ras etyodnen isini erTmaneTs?!
qarTvel kafudan faSebs (Fflotis admirlebs) Soris Tavisi aqtiuri moRvaweobiTa da xelgaSlilobiT aRsaniSnavia quCuq huseini. igi bavSvobaSi sulTan selim III-is dedam miiyvana sasaxleSi da ufliswulTan erTad zrdida. sulTan selim III-is deda qarTveli iyo. quCuq huseinis deda (Cveni varaudiT, aseve qarTveli) ki iyo selimis ZiZa, gamdeli. bavSvebi erTmaneTis ZuZumteebi gamodian. selimi da quCuq huseini erTad izrdebodnen da damegobrdnen. ufliswulobis periodSi quCuq huseini sasaxleSi daxlarTuli intrigebis Sedegad momzadebul Tavdasxmisagan ixsnis selims. igi ufliswulisa da SemdgomSi sulTnis uaxloesi megobari, Zma da mesaidumle xdeba. tanad morCils zedmetsaxelad ‘quCuq’ (patara) Searqves.
selimma taxtze asvlis Semdeg quCuq huseini kafudan faSad (flotis mTavarsardlad) daniSna da mas sakuTari da miaTxova. quCuq huseini mxarSi amoudga selims reformebis gatarebaSi. sulTnis xelmZRvanelobiT flotis mSeneblobis saqmeSi man mniSvnelovani reformebi ganaxorciela, safrangeTidan da Sveciidan gemTmSenebeli inJinrebi Camoiyvana. quCuq huseini aqtiurad ibrZoda napoleonis winaaRmdeg omSi. osmaleTis floti moqmedebda egviptesa da siriaSi frangebis winaaRmdeg. Eegviptidan frangebis wasvlis Semdeg igi ibrZoda iqidan inglisis jaris gayvanisaTvis da egvipteze osmaleTis Zalauflebis aRdgenisaTvis.
quCuq huseini iyo Zlieri da gavleniani pirovneba. gamoirCeoda WkuiT, moxerxebulobiT, keTilSobilebiTa da samarTlianobiT. quCuq huseinma saqmiani urTierToba daamyara stambolSi myof ruseTis elC mixeil kutuzovTan. ruseTis elCi metad sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis misi pirovnebis dasaxasiaTeblad. 1795 wlis 7 dekembers feldmarSal aleqsandre suvorovisadmi gagzavnil werilSi mixeil kutuzovi werda: “kafudan faSas mier gamarTul jiriTze mas (kutuzovs) moewona ori saukeTeso bedauri, romelic quCuq huseinis brZanebiT maSinve saCuqrad miarTves.” imave werilSi mixeil kutuzovi kafudan faSas axasiaTebs rogorc kargi garegnobis mqone darbaisel pirovnebas, fulis uzomod mxarjvels –sami milioni piastris valis mqones, darbazobaze zRapruli brwyinvalebis moyvaruls, metad Tavazians. “erT-erTi audienciis dros warmoSobiT qarTvel kafudan faSas, saarakod Cacmuli aTasamde msaxuri dastrialebda Tavs!” ¹⁷³
aRniSvnas imsaxurebs is garemoebac, rom quCuq huseinma didi roli Seasrula XVIII s-is bolos safrangeT-osmaleTis urTierTobebis mowesrigeba-damegobrebis saqmeSi. Q”egviptis meore mpyrobelad” wodebuli kafudan faSa gardaicvala 1803 wlis 8 dekembers 46 wlis asakSi. Mmisma sikvdilma safrangeTSi didi gulistkivili gamoiwvia. Nnapoleonma parizSi osmaleTis elCs haleT efendis quCuq huseinis gardacvalebis gamo samZimari gamoucxada.¹⁷⁴
garda Cvens mier zemoT ganxiluli eqvsi maRali rangis saxelmwifo avtoritetisa osmaleTis imperiaSi samxedro, samoqalaqo Tu sasuliero sarbielze moRvawe qarTvelebTan erTad, mravlad iyvnen qarTuli warmoSobis swavlulebi, mecnierebi, poetebi, mxatvrebi;Aar unda daviviwyoT agreTve fadiSahis qarTveli dedebi da ufliswulTa qarTveli colebi.
«Благородный народ» Османской империи