Amea folklor institutu

KAYNAKÇA:
M.Eliade. Aspects du mythe, Gallimard ,1963
Z.Kiknadze Gürcü mitoloji I, İbadet yeri ve cemaati, Kutaisi, 1996 (Gürcü dilinde)
Nartlar 1988: Nartlar, Oset dilinden gürcüceye çeviren Meri Tskhovrebova, Tskhinvali,1988 (Gürcü Dilinde)
Rustaveli 1974 Ş .Rustaveli Kaplan Postlu Şövaliye, 1974 (Gürcüce)
Tomanovskaya 1980: Tomanovskaya O.S. Loango , Kakongo ve Ngoıo Tarihi- etnografik denemesi, İlim, M., 1980
Köroğlu 2003 :Köroğlu Azerbaycan halk destanı , Azericeden çeviren Zezva Medulaşvili, 2003 (Gürcüce)
Gennep 1909: Gennep Arnold , van Les rites de passage, Paris, 1909
xvTiso mamisimediSvili
iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis profesori
gmiris iniciacia qoroRlis eposSi
arqaul sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva sociumTan ziarebis rituali, romelsac gansxvavebul tradiciebSic ki tipologiuri elementebi da simboloebi moepoveba.
neofiti gansazRvruli ritualebis gavlis Semdeg icvlida asakobriv Tu socialur statuss da xdeboda tradiciuli sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevri. iniciaciis Zirebs SeiZleba mivakvlioT praqtikulad yvela xalxis Soreul tradiciebSi. iniciaciis elementebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi TandaTanobiT yofidan amovarda da da daikarga. Tumca yofidan gamqrali Zveli adaTebi da ritualebi folkloruli motivebisa da siuJetebis saxiT SemorCa cnobil xalxur eposebSi.
azerbaijanul qoroRlis eposSi metad mniSvnelovania rovSanis iniciaciis epizodi. iniciaciis Sedegad qoroRlis saxiT rovSanisgan sruliad axali adamiani warmosdgeba, gansxvavebuli unarebiTa da gansxvavebuli socialuri statusiT.
iniciacia gulisxmobs romelime socialur jgufsa Tu saidumlo sazogadoebaSi individis gadasvlas axal statusSi, ganviTarebis axal safexurze. iniciaciis dros individi eziareba samyaros sasicocxlo Zalebs. eposebSi es gamoixateba gansakuTrebuli fizikuri Zal-Ronis miniWebiT. gandobis ritualiT is Seimecnebs tomis saidumlos, Zvel miTebsa da xalxur sibrZnes. saidumlos Catarebis dros xdeba misi erTgvari Sewirva, kurTxeva da xelTdasxma.
mkvlevarebi iniciaciis sam kategorias, gadasvlis sam tips gamoyofen. pirveli tipi gulisxmobs mozardis gadasvlas zrdasrul asakSi, romelic tardeba individualurad an viwro wreSi. meore tipi aris saidumlo sazogadoebis an raime saxis saZmos sruluflebian wevrad ziareba. gandobis mesame tipi gulisxmobs qurumis, Samanis, tomis beladis an winamZRolis damtkicebas.
gandobis samive tips aqvs rogorc saerTo, ise ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. iniciaciis arsi da mizani yvelgan da yovelTvis erTi da igivea, gansxvavdeba mxolod adgilTan da drosTan misi adaptaciis saSualebebi. magaliTad, gandobis mesame tipis gansakuTrebul Taviseburebas warmoadgens ufro metad Zlieri religiuri gancda, vidre es wilad xvdaT am saidumlo sazogadoebis sxva wevrebs. tomis (saZmos) winamZRols damkvidrebis ritualis Semdeg miiCnevdnen sakralur da wminda pirovnebad. Sesabamisad, is iyo xelSeuxebeli, miukarebeli, saSiSi, ise rogorc RvTaeba. amis gamo, erTi mxriv, aRmarTa barieri gandobilsa da mTel sazogadoebas Soris, meore mxriv, _ sazogadoeba ar iyo daculi gandobilis moqmedebisgan.
mirCa eliades azriT, `iniciacia Seicavs ritualebis mTel wyebas, romelTa simbolizmi cxadze cxadia: saqme exeba ymawvilis gardaqmnas embrionad, raTa igi Semdeg xelaxla iSvas. amrigad, iniciacia igivea, rac meored dabadeba~ [eliade 1963: 101].
iniciacia xSirad religiuri dResaswaulebis dros imarTeboda. mas Tan axlda xSirad mtanjveli ritualebi: sxeulis dazianeba, qirurgiuli Careva, ris gamoc zogjer individs aZinebdnen kidec, raTa SedarebiT advilad gadaelaxa mas mtanjveli tkivilebi.
gadasavlis ritulSi erT-erTi aucilebeli komponenti iyo individis ganmartoeba da misi sazogadoebisagan izolireba.
individma iniciaciis dros unda gamoavlinos gansakuTrebuli sulieri simtkice da nebisyofa. gadasvlis rituals Tan axlda garkveuli akrZalvebi, rogoricaa: Wamis akrZalva, dumilis dacva, bnelSi yofna da sxv. es ar iyo mxolod inicantis varjiSi asketizmSi. amgvari akrZalvebi gulisxmobda uaris Tqmas miwier, xorciel survilebsa da ambiciebze. gadasvlis ritualSi CarTuli iyo sami saxis gandoba: siwminde, sikvdili da seqsualoba, romelTa Sesaxeb codna mozards iniciaciis gavlamde ar hqonda. ritualis dros individi eziareboda codnas maT Sesaxeb da Semdeg am codnas rTavda Tavis cxovrebis struqturaSi. xSirad wamebamde misuli fizikuri wrToba miznad isaxavda individis sawyisTan, jer kidev Camouyalibebel mdgomareobasTan dabrunebas, romelic simbolurad gamoxatavda sikvdilsa da xelaxal dabadebas. religiur-mistikuri gancda iyo iniciaciis ukanaskneli etapis aucilebeli, ganuyreli nawili. iniciantis ritualuri sikvdili erTdroulad aRniSnavda ucodinrobisa da bavSvobis dasasruls. mxolod ritualuri gamocdis Semdeg cnobda koleqtivi individs sazogadoebis pasuxismgebel wevrad, anu zrdasrul adamianad mTeli Tavisi uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT.
arnold van xenepis mixedviT, iniciacia sami safexurisagan Sedgeba: preliminaruli anu gamocalkevebis rituali, liminaruli anu sazRurblo situacia, roca individi zRurblzea, arc aqeT aris, arc _ iqiT da bolos, postliminaruli anu mikuTvnebis rituali. am dros individi sabolood mkvidrdeba axal statusSi. es SeiZleba iyos asakobrivi, socialuri an metafizikuri cvlileba [xenepi 1909]. TiToeuli safexuri metnaklebad aisaxeba epikuri gmiris cxovrebaSi. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom eposSi ritualebs xSirad dakarguli aqvT TavianTi Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba.
ra saxis tipologias vxvdebiT rovSanis iniciaciis dros azerbaijanul qoroRlis eposSi?
tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT qoroRlis eposSi mniSvnelovani iniciaciis elementebia: sakraluri qronotopi, mTaze asvla, mTis mwvervali, wyalSi (rZeSi) ganbaneba, zecidan gadmosuli naTlis (cecxlis) sveti, Rameuli sibnele, zeca da varskvlavebi, mamis davaleba, saxelis darqmeva da sxv.
iseve rogorc yvela tradiciuli gmiri, rovSanic iniciacias gadis asakobrivi cvlilebis zRvarze. eposi mogviTxrobs: `rovSani axalSeRerebuli ymawvili biWi iyo, magram rostomiviT mamaci. TxuTmeti Tu Teqvsmeti wlisa iqneboda~ [qoroRli 2003: 13] . zogan es asaki qvemoT aris daweuli magram aq arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, rom epikuri gmiris aqtiuri biografia iwyeba iniciaciis gavlis Semdeg. qarTuli eposis gmiri, keTilSobili yaCaRi arsena, cxovrebis asparezze Cndeba 16 wlis asakSi: `rom Seiqmna Teqvsmeti wlis mTa da bari Seajera.~
mamas, ali qiSis mihyavs rovSani sainiciacio adgilis maxloblad. sxvas amis ufleba ara aqvs, Tu mama cocxalia, radgan mama Zvel eposebSi absolutur mamobas gamoxatavs.
abrahamma Tavisi vaJi isaaki Sesawirad morias mTaze aiyvana, sadac Semdeg solomonis taZari aSenda.
sad xdeba iniciacia? iniciaciis adgili unda iyos sakraluri sivrce. azerbaijanuli eposis `qoroRlis~ mTavari gmiris rovSanis iniciacia ritualurad mTis mwvervalze sruldeba. mTis mwvervali saukeTeso adgilia. miTologiur teqstebSi mTis mwvervali samoTxis niSnebiT aris Semkuli. qoroRlis eposSic is simbolurad samoTxiseul Sesaqmis adgilsa da samyaros Suaguls ganasaxierebs. mTis mwvervalze yvavilovani walkotia gadaSlili, vardi vards uxmobs da bulbuli bulbuls. iq srul harmoniaSia moqceuli cisa da miwis Zalebi. mTis mwvervali gamocxadebis adgilia, sadac mozardi unda eziaros RvTiur sibrZnes, samyaros sasicocxlo Zalebs, sikvdil-sicocxles da sxv. mTis mwvervali bibliaSi igive sakurTxevelia. qristianul tradiciaSi mas iseTive sakraluri statusi aqvs, rogoric sakurTxevels taZarSi. mTis mwvervali yvelaze axlos aris casTan. osuri narTebis personaJebi soslani da baTraZi zeciuri Zalebis xeldasxmiT gadian iniciacias, zeciuri mWedlis qurdalagonis quraSi. soslans mglis rZeSi gabanen da zeciuri Zalebi asaCuqreben gansakuTrebuli unarebiT [narTebi 1988: 101-105], ris Semdegec is eposSi gvevlineba rogorc kulturuli gmiri, civilizaciis sawyisebis Semomtani sazogadoebaSi.
rovSanis mier yiraTisa da duraTis gaxedna, romelsac Wabuki mamis davalebiT asrulebs, agreTve, sakralur drosa da sivrceSi misi SeRweva SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc sainiciaciod misi mosamzadebeli, e.w. preliminaruli situacia [a. xenepis terminiT], radgan sxvanairad is ver SeZlebs im kldeze asvlas, romelsac `rovSanma erTi xelis mosakidebeli adgilic ki versad upova.~ mTis mwvervalze rovSanis dgoma da kosmiur ZalebTan misi ziareba eposSi aRiqmeba, rogorc liminaruli situacia, roca Wabuki dgas Tavis bedisweris qimze, roca arc iqiT aris da arc aqeT. is Tavisi axali cxovrebis, axali statusis zRurblTan imyofeba.
ra dros xdeba iniciacia? eposSi iniciaciis dro warmodgenilia rogorc Zlieri, sakraluri dro. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, kerZod xaxmatSi, dRemde vaJebis jvarSi mibarebis rituali sruldeba maRali mTis mwvervalze religiuri dResaswaulis _ aTengenobis dros. rovSanis iniciacia xdeba sakralur dros, romelic nakurTxi iyo RmerTebis mier maTi qmedebebis periodSi. sxva sityvebiT, ritualurad im situaciaSi adamiani ganicdis sakraluri drois pirvelgamoCenas, rogorc igi gamoCnda `dasabamidan”, `mas Jams”, im realobebis SeqmnasTan erTad, romlebic Seadgenen dRes samyaros. RmerTebma daudes saTave sakraluri drois dinebas.
aseTi dro, eposis mixedviT, yoSabulaRis mTaze dgeba Svid weliwadSi erTxel, paraskev Rames, roca aRmosavleTidan da dasavleTidan caze wamosuli TiTo varskvlavi yoSabulaRis Tavze erTmaneTs ejaxeba. varskvlavebis Sejaxebisas mTis mwvervalze cidan sxivnaTeli ifrqveva. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis andrezebSi varskvlavebis gadaadgileba da cidan mTis mwvervalze cecxlis svetis gadmosvla hierofaniis, jvarCenis niSania. mTis mwvervalze sakraluris gamoCenis saukeTeso pirobebia. hierofaniis mxilveli ueWvelad RvTis rCeuli xdeba. xevsuruli andrezis mixedviT, simwifis asaks miRweuli gogona da biWi karatis mTis mwvervalze gaxda jvarCenis mxilveli. samwyemsurSi myof qal-vaJs cidan moesmaT wivilis xma (`cidan Camoesma rekva~), rasac mohyva saswauli: maT Tvalwin cidan CamoeSva Tasi da vercxlis Sibi. qals Sexvda Sibi, vaJs _ Tasi. mogvianebiT, qadagis rCeviT, Sibi da Tasi mTis mwvervalze, maTi gamoCenis adgilas damarxes, zed eklesia aaSenes da kultmsaxureba daaweses.
rovSanic gamorCeulia. mTaze asvla da SvidweliwadSi erTxel yoSabulaRis Tavze sxivnaTelis xilva gansakuTrebuli ZalisxmeviTa da didi dabrkolebis gadalaxviT miiRweva, amitom im drosa da sivrceSi moxvedra mxolod rCeulebs SeuZliaT. bibliis mixedviT, sinas mTis mwvervalze isreaelianTa Soris mxolod erTaderTi, RrublebSi gaxveuli mose SeZlebs sinas mTis mwvervalze uflis winaSe wardgomas. preliminarul situaciaSi moipovebs rovSani yoSabulaRis mwvervalze sakralur drosa da sivrceSi SeRwevis uflebas. wmida miwa rovSanis iniciaciis epizodSi deda-miwis saSosTan aris gaigivebuli. `struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, saSoSi dabruneba Seesabameba universumi ukusvlas (regressus) `qaoturi” anu embrionaluri mdgomareobisken~ [eliade 1963: 101].
rovSanis iniciacia SuaRamiT sruldeba. iniciantis sibneleSi yofna ritualuri gadasvlis aucilebeli elementia. osuri narTebis eposis mixedviT, saTanas baTraZi erT bnel oTaxSi hyavda Caketili. magram, roca is momwifda, kari Camoglija Tu gamoamtvria da gareT gamovida [narTebi 1988: 212]. bneli oTaxi, sadac baTraZia gamoketili, sainiciacio adgilia. aseTive daniSnuleba aqvs `ukacur saxls~ farnavazis sizmarSi, saidanac mefobis kandidati mzis sxivma gamoiyvana. `vefxistyaosnis~ mixedviT, erTi weli bnelSi ijda indoeTis taxtis memkvidre: `me weliwdamdis bnelsa vje, sawuTro-gacudebuli~. _ eubneba vefxvistyaviani raindi avTandils. [rusTaveli 1974: 103]. sibnelidan gamosvlis Semdeg iwyeba tarielis epikuri Tavgadasavali, manamde gmiris cxovrebaSi araferi xdeboda. sainiciacio qoxis, gveleSapis wiaRis, wminda miwis sibnele miTologiur teqstebSi ganasaxirebs dedis saSos, saidanac srulyofil adamianad xelmeored unda daibados arseba. ritualuri gadasvlis dros (rites de passage) wminda miwaze, Rameul sibneleSi rovSani ubrundeba embrionalur, qaotur mdgomareobas. is simbolurad kvdeba, rogorc mozardi, raTa am `masalisgan~ daibados gmiri, axali adamiani, axali ZaliTa da axali unarebiT. m. eliades azriT, `Sobamdeli wyvdiadi Seesabameba Sesaqmemdel Rames da sainiciacio qoxis sibneles” [eliade 1963: 100].
swored im dros, roca yvelaze metad iyo iq koncentrirebuli samyaros stiqiuri elementebi: cecxli wyali, miwa da haeri _ Rameul sibneleSi varskvlavebis Sejaxebisas xdeba saSineli movlena: yoSabulaRis wyalTan rovSans erTbaSad cidan sxivnaTeli efrqveva da miwidan adamianis simaRleze rZesaviT qafi amoduRdeba. rovSanma dalia da icxo TeTri qafi, romelic, rogorc wminda nivTiereba, gardaqmnis iniciantis mTel materialur bunebas, rovSanis mklavebs man Zal-Rone Sehmata, leqsisa da simReris niWi moamadla. osur narTebis eposSi sainiciaciod soslans mglis rZeSi Caawvenen. amiranis eposSi ki gveleSapis wiaRidan gamosuli gmiri igri batonis wyalSi ganibaneba da amiT is eziareba samyaros sasicocxlo Zalebs. farnavazis mier sizmarSi mzis cvaris cxeba, z. kiknaZis azriT, WabukisTvis mefuri qarizmis miniWebas aRniSnavs, sadac mzis cvari da rZe identuri miTologiuri simboloebia. bibliaSi gvxvdeba cxebis zeTi, romelic RvTis sulis gadasvlis, uflis kurTxevis simboloa: `gamoitana cadok mRvdelma karvidan rqiT zeTi da scxo solomons. kres buks da daiZaxa mTelma xalxma: icocxlos mefe solomonma!~ [3mef. 1:39].
rovSanis iniciaciis bolo etaps warmoadgens saxelis darqmeva, romelsac universaliebze damyarebuli tipologiuri msgavseba aqvs kulturul-istoriulad gansxvavebul tradiciebTan. kongos beladad kurTxevis ritualSi aucilebeli datvirTva hqonda momavali beladis xangrZliv izolacias gancalkevebiT mdgar qoxSi, romelsac sagangebod aSenebdnen am SemTxvevisTvis. gamomwyvdevis mTeli ciklis kulminacias warmoadgenda `sikvdilisa da aRdgomis~ rituali. amis Semdeg momavali beladi iRebda axal saxels [tomanovskaia 1980: 84-85].
osuri narTebis eposSic mozardisTvis saxelis darqmevas ritualuri datvirTva unda hqonoda. sanadirod wasuli beZenagis Svilobili mimarTavs soslans: `saxeli jer ar maqvs. mamaCems vkiTxe, saxels ratom ar marqmev-meTqi da ase mipasuxa: `sanam narTi soslani ar dagarqmevs, manamde me araferi SemiZliao~ [narTebi 1988: 337]. nadirobac tradiciul sazogadoebaSi iniciaciis erT-erT elementad iyo miCneuli. nadirobaSi gamoCenili gansakuTrebuli warmatebis Semdeg soslanma beZenagis Svilobils araxZavi daarqva.
mTis mwvervalidan dabrunebul rovSans mama sxva saxels arqmevs da is im dRidan qoroRliT iwodeba. kosmiur Zalebsa da sakralurTan ziarebis Semdeg mTidan Camosuli rovSani iseTi veRar iqneba, rogoric manamde, mTaze asvlamde iyo. xevsuruli andrezis mixedviT, karatis mTis mwvervalze jvarCenis mxilveli qal-vaJi sakralurTan Sexebam `sruliad mowyvita yofiT cxovrebas da sakralur sferoSi _ TiTqos kvrivSi gadaiyvana~ [kiknaZe 1996: 35].
rovSanis iniciaciis epizodSi uxvad aris warmodgenili religiuri daniSnulebis miTologiuri simboloebi. magram `qoroRli~ sekularuli eposia da masSi, rogorc sagmiro-safalavno nawarmoebSi, mTeli yuradReba gadatanilia mTavari gmiris fizikur Zal-Roneze, vaJkacobaze. amitom iniciaciis elementebs dakarguli aqvT religiuri da ritualuri mniSvneloba. Tumca SesaZlebelia zogierTi maTganis rekonstruqcia. maTi Tavdapirveli religiuri daniSnuleba ki eWvgareSea.
iniciaciis wyalobiT rovSani iZens Zalauflebas. m. eliades sityvebiT, `mozardi gardaiqmneba socialurad pasuxismgebel da kulturulad gaRviZebul pirovnebad [eliade 1963: 102]~. iniciacia-gandobis ritualis Semdeg rovSani asakobriv da socialur statusTan erTad icvlis sakuTar saxels. is xdeba delibaSebis winamZRoli. mas eniWeba zebunebrivi Zal-Rone da jadosnuri xma, romliTac msmenels atyvevebs. rovSanis iniciaciis Semdeg eposSi siuJeti tradiciulad viTardeba. iwyeba qoroRlis epikuri sagmiro-safalavno Tavgadasavali. qoroRli cols irTavs. qoroRlis saxeli aRmosavleTidan dasavleTamde mTel duniaze ganiTqmeba. begebs, faSebsa da xanebs misi saxelis gagonebaze muxli ekveTebaT.
amrigad, rovSanis iniciacia, misi mistikuri sikvdili da xelmeore dabadeba, warmoadgens samyaros sakraluri istoriis, kosmogoniis grandiozuli gameorebis nawils. iniciaciis dros simbolurad mokvda rovSani, rogorc mozardi da daibada qoroRli, rogorc gmiri.