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The charter Introductory Note
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- Purposes and principles. Maintain International Peace and Security
- How does the UN maintain international peace and security
- How does the UN promote and protect human rights
- Human Rights Treaty Bodies
- Special Advisers on the Prevention of Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect
- What legal instruments help the UN protect human rights
- What other UN offices and bodies are responsible for protecting human rights
- Third Committee of the General Assembly
- Commission on the Status of Women
- What key UN entities deliver humanitarian aid
- Feeding the Hungry
The charter Introductory NoteThe Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945. The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter. The UN Charter being signed by a delegation at a ceremony held at the Veterans’ War Memorial Building on 26 June 1945. Amendments to Articles 23, 27 and 61 of the Charter were adopted by the General Assembly on 17 December 1963 and came into force on 31 August 1965. A further amendment to Article 61 was adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 1971, and came into force on 24 September 1973. An amendment to Article 109, adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 1965, came into force on 12 June 1968. The amendment to Article 23 enlarges the membership of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen. The amended Article 27 provides that decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members (formerly seven) and on all other matters by an affirmative vote of nine members (formerly seven), including the concurring votes of the five permanent members of the Security Council. The amendment to Article 61, which entered into force on 31 August 1965, enlarged the membership of the Economic and Social Council from eighteen to twenty-seven. The subsequent amendment to that Article, which entered into force on 24 September 1973, further increased the membership of the Council from twenty-seven to fifty-four. The amendment to Article 109, which relates to the first paragraph of that Article, provides that a General Conference of Member States for the purpose of reviewing the Charter may be held at a date and place to be fixed by a two-thirds vote of the members of the General Assembly and by a vote of any nine members (formerly seven) of the Security Council. Paragraph 3 of Article 109, which deals with the consideration of a possible review conference during the tenth regular session of the General Assembly, has been retained in its original form in its reference to a "vote, of any seven members of the Security Council", the paragraph having been acted upon in 1955 by the General Assembly, at its tenth regular session, and by the Security Council. Purposes and principles. Maintain International Peace and SecurityThe United Nations came into being in 1945, following the devastation of the Second World War, with one central mission: the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN does this by working to prevent conflict; helping parties in conflict make peace; peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and flourish. These activities often overlap and should reinforce one another, to be effective. The UN Security Council has the primary responsibility for international peace and security. The General Assembly and the Secretary-General play major, important, and complementary roles, along with other UN offices and bodies. An Indian UNIFIL peacekeeper watches over the "Blue Line", which demarcates the border between Israel and Lebanon, from the town of Shab'a, Lebanon, in 2012. Security CouncilThe Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or an act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement. Under Chapter VII of the Charter, the Security Council can take enforcement measures to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such measures range from economic sanctions to international military action. The Council also establishes UN Peacekeeping Operations and Special Political Missions. General AssemblyThe General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN. Through regular meetings, the General Assembly provides a forum for Member States to express their views to the entire membership and find consensus on difficult issues. It makes recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions. Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority, but other questions are decided by simple majority. How does the UN maintain international peace and security?Preventive Diplomacy and MediationThe most effective way to diminish human suffering and the massive economic costs of conflicts and their aftermath is to prevent conflicts in the first place. The United Nations plays an important role in conflict prevention, using diplomacy, good offices and mediation. Among the tools the Organization uses to bring peace are special envoys and political missions in the field. PeacekeepingPeacekeeping has proven to be one of the most effective tools available to the UN to assist host countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace. Today's multidimensional peacekeeping operations are called upon not only to maintain peace and security, but also to facilitate political processes, protect civilians, assist in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants; support constitutional processes and the organization of elections, protect and promote human rights and assist in restoring the rule of law and extending legitimate state authority. Peacekeeping operations get their mandates from the UN Security Council; their troops and police are contributed by Members States; and they are managed by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and supported by the Department of Field Support at the UN Headquarters in New York. There are 15 UN peacekeeping operations currently deployed and there have been a total of 71 deployed since 1948. PeacebuildingUnited Nations peacebuilding activities are aimed at assisting countries emerging from conflict, reducing the risk of relapsing into conflict and at laying the foundation for sustainable peace and development. The UN peacebuilding architecture comprises the Peacebuilding Commission, the Peacebuilding Fund and the Peacebuilding Support Office. The Peacebuilding Support Office assists and supports the Peacebuilding Commission with strategic advice and policy guidance, administers the Peacebuilding Fund and serves the Secretary-General in coordinating United Nations agencies in their peacebuilding efforts. Countering TerrorismThe United Nations is being increasingly called upon to coordinate the global fight against terrorism. Eighteen universal instruments against international terrorism have been elaborated within the framework of the United Nations system relating to specific terrorist activities. In September 2006, UN Member States adopted the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. This was the first time that Member States agreed to a common strategic and operational framework against terrorism. DisarmamentThe General Assembly and other bodies of the United Nations, supported by the Office for Disarmament Affairs, work to advance international peace and security through the pursuit of the elimination of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction and the regulation of conventional arms. Protect Human RightsThe term “human rights” was mentioned seven times in the UN's founding Charter, making the promotion and protection of human rights a key purpose and guiding principle of the Organization. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights brought human rights into the realm of international law. Since then, the Organization has diligently protected human rights through legal instruments and on-the-ground activities. 
UN Photo/Fardin Waezi Students at Butkhak High School in Kabul, Afghanistan, cheer in unison on the last day of Global Action Week, an international campaign advocating free, quality education for all. How does the UN promote and protect human rights?High Commissioner for Human RightsThe Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) has lead responsibility in the UN system for the promotion and protection of human rights. The office supports the human rights components of peacekeeping missions in several countries, and has many country and regional offices and centres. The High Commissioner for Human Rights regularly comments on human rights situations in the world and has the authority to investigate situations and issue reports on them. Human Rights CouncilThe Human Rights Council, established in 2006, replaced the 60-year-old UN Commission on Human Rights as the key independent UN intergovernmental body responsible for human rights. Human Rights Treaty BodiesThe human rights treaty bodies are committees of independent experts that monitor implementation of the core international human rights treaties Special ProceduresThe special procedures of the Human Rights Council are prominent, independent experts working on a voluntary basis, who examine, monitor, publicly report and advise on human rights from a thematic or country-specific perspective. UNDG-HRMThe UN Development Group’s Human Rights Mainstreaming Mechanism (UNDG-HRM) advances human rights mainstreaming efforts within the UN development system. Special Advisers on the Prevention of Genocide and the Responsibility to ProtectThe Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide acts as a catalyst to raise awareness of the causes and dynamics of genocide, to alert relevant actors where there is a risk of genocide, and to advocate and mobilize for appropriate action; the Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect leads the conceptual, political, institutional and operational development of the Responsibility to Protect. What legal instruments help the UN protect human rights?The International Bill of Human RightsThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) was the first legal document protecting universal human rights. Together with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the three instruments form the so-called International Bill of Human Rights. A series of international human rights treaties and other instruments adopted since 1945 have expanded the body of international human rights law. DemocracyDemocracy, based on the rule of law, is ultimately a means to achieve international peace and security, economic and social progress and development, and respect for human rights – the three pillars of the United Nations mission as set forth in the UN Charter. At the 2005 World Summit, all the world’s governments reaffirmed “that democracy is a universal value based on the freely expressed will of people to determine their own political, economic, social and cultural systems and their full participation in all aspects of their lives” and stressed “that democracy, development and respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms are interdependent and mutually reinforcing”. Democratic principles are woven throughout the normative fabric of the United Nations. The 2009 Guidance Note on Democracy of the Secretary-General sets out the United Nations framework for democracy based on universal principles, norms and standards and commits the Organization to principled, coherent and consistent action in support of democracy. What other UN offices and bodies are responsible for protecting human rights?Security CouncilThe UN Security Council, at times, deals with grave human rights violations, often in conflict areas. The UN Charter gives the Security Council the authority to investigate and mediate, dispatch a mission, appoint special envoys, or request the Secretary-General to use his good offices. The Security Council may issue a ceasefire directive, dispatch military observers or a peacekeeping force. If this does not work, the Security Council can opt for enforcement measures, such as economic sanctions, arms embargos, financial penalties and restrictions, travel bans, the severance of diplomatic relations, a blockade, or even collective military action. Third Committee of the General AssemblyThe General Assembly’s Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian and Cultural) examines a range of issues, including human rights questions. The Committee also discusses questions relating to the advancement of women, the protection of children, indigenous issues, the treatment of refugees, the promotion of fundamental freedoms through the elimination of racism and racial discrimination, and the right to self-determination. The Committee also addresses important social development questions. Various Other UN BodiesDifferent intergovernmental bodies and interdepartmental mechanisms based at the United Nations headquarters in New York, as well as the United Nations Secretary-General, address a range of human rights issues. The General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and their subsidiary organs make policy decisions and recommendations to Member States, the United Nations system and other actors. The United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), an advisory body to the Economic and Social Council, has a mandate to discuss indigenous issues, including human rights. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights interacts with and provides advice and support on human rights issues to these bodies and mechanisms. The Office also works to mainstream human rights in all areas of work of the Organization, including development, peace and security, peacekeeping and humanitarian affairs. Human rights issues are also addressed in the context of the post-conflict UN peacebuilding support activities Secretary-GeneralThe Secretary-General appoints special representatives, who advocate against major human rights violations: Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence Against Children The ‘Human Rights Up Front’ Initiative is an initiative by the UN Secretary-General to ensure the UN system takes early and effective action, as mandated by the Charter and UN resolutions, to prevent or respond to serious and large-scale violations of human rights or international humanitarian law. The initiative underlines a shared responsibility among the various UN entities to work together to address such violations. HRuF seeks to achieve this by effecting change at three levels: cultural, operational and political. These changes are gradually transforming the way the UN understands its responsibilities and implements them. The initiative has been progressively rolled-out since late 2013. Through various presentations, letters and policy documents, the Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General have presented HRuF to the General Assembly and to staff and UN system leaders. UN Peace OperationsMany United Nations peacekeeping operations and political and peacebuidling missions also include the human rights-related mandates aimed at contributing to the protection and promotion of human rights through both immediate and long-term action; empowering the population to assert and claim their human rights; and enabling State and other national institutions to implement their human rights obligations and uphold the rule of law. Human rights teams on the ground work in close cooperation and coordination with other civilian and uniformed components of peace operations, in particular, in relation to the protection of civilians; addressing conflict-related sexual violence and violations against children; and strengthening respect for human rights and the rule of law through legal and judicial reform, security sector reform and prison system reform. Commission on the Status of WomenThe Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) is the principal global intergovernmental body dedicated to the promotion of gender equality and the advancement of women. UN Women, established in 2010, serves as its Secretariat. 6 Theme: Writing a well-structured paragraph Model of teaching technology of the lesson
The Well-Structured Paragraph Paragraphs Are Unified by a Single Purpose or Theme Regardless of whether a paragraph is deductively or inductively structured, readers can generally follow the logic of a discussion better when a paragraph is unified by a single purpose. Paragraphs that lack a central idea and that wander from subject to subject are apt to confuse readers, making them wonder what they should pay attention to and why. To ensure that each paragraph is unified by a single idea, Francis Christensen, in Notes Toward a New Rhetoric (NY: Harper & Row, 1967), has suggested that we number sentences according to their level of generality. According to Christensen, we would assign a 1 to the most general sentence and then a 2 to the second most general sentence, and so on. Christensen considers the following paragraph, which he excerpted from Jacob Bronowski’s The Common Sense of Science, to be an example of a subordinate pattern because the sentences become increasingly more specific as the reader progresses through the paragraph: The process of learning is essential to our lives. All higher animals seek it deliberately. They are inquisitive and they experiment. An experiment is a sort of harmless trial run of some action which we shall have to make in the real world; and this, whether it is made in the laboratory by scientists or by fox-cubs outside their earth. The scientist experiments and the cub plays; both are learning to correct their errors of judgment in a setting in which errors are not fatal. Perhaps this is what gives them both their air of happiness and freedom in these activities. Christensen is quick to point out that not all paragraphs have a subordinate structure. The following one, which he took from Bergen Evans’s Comfortable Words, is an example of what Christensen considers a coordinate sequence: He [the native speaker] may, of course, speak a form of English that marks him as coming from a rural or an unread group. But if he doesn’t mind being so marked, there’s no reason why he should change. Samuel Johnson kept a Staffordshire burr in his speech all his life. In Burns’ mouth the despised lowland Scots dialect served just as well as the “correct” English spoken by ten million of his southern contemporaries. Lincoln’s vocabulary and his way of pronouncing certain words were sneered at by many better educated people at the time, but he seemed to be able to use the English language as effectively as his critics. Paragraphs Flow When Information Is Logical Paragraphs provide a visual representation of your ideas. When revising your work, evaluate the logic behind how you have organized the paragraphs. Question whether your presentation would appear more logical and persuasive if you rearranged the sequence of the paragraphs. Next, question the structure of each paragraph to see if sentences need to be reordered. Determine whether you are organizing information deductively or according to chronology or according to some sense of what is most and least important. Ask yourself these five questions:
How is each paragraph organized? Do I place my general statement or topic sentence near the beginning or the end of each paragraph? Do I need any transitional paragraphs or transitional sentences? As I move from one idea to another, will my reader understand how subsequent paragraphs relate to my main idea as well as to previous paragraphs? Should any paragraphs be shifted in their order in the text? Should a later paragraph be combined with the introductory paragraph? Should the existing paragraphs be cut into smaller segments or merged into longer ones? If I have a concluding paragraph, do I really need it? Will readers understand the logical connections between paragraphs? Do any sentences need to be added to clarify the logical relationship between ideas? Have I provided the necessary forecasting and summarizing sentences that readers will need to understand how the different ideas relate to each other? Have I been too blatant about transitions? Are all of the transitional sentences and paragraphs really necessary or can the reader follow my thoughts without them? Paragraphs Often Follow Deductive Organization Your goals for the opening sentences of your paragraphs are similar to your goals for writing an introduction to a document. In the beginning of a paragraph, clarify the purpose. Most paragraphs in academic and technical discourse move deductively–that is, the first or second sentence presents the topic or theme of the paragraph and the subsequent sentences illustrate and explicate this theme. Notice, in particular, how Chris Goodrich cues readers to the purpose of his paragraph (and article) in the first sentence of his essay “Crossover Dreams”: Norman Cantor, New York University history professor and author, most recently, of Inventing the Middle Ages, created a stir this spring when he wrote a letter to the newsletter of the American Historical Association declaring that “no historian who can write English prose should publish more than two books with a university press–one for tenure, and one for full professor After that (or preferably long before) work only in the trade market.” Cantor urged his fellow scholars to seek literary agents to represent any work with crossover potential. And he didn’t stop there: As if to be sure of offending the entire academic community, Cantor added, “If you are already a full professor, your agent should be much more important to you than the department chair or the dean.” Paragraphs Use Inductive Structure for Dramatic Conclusions or Varied Style While you generally want to move from the known to the new, from the thesis to its illustration or restriction, you sometimes want to violate this pattern. Educated readers in particular can be bored by texts that always present information in the same way. 7-Theme: What makes want to buy something. “So much dead space”. Model of teaching technology of the lesson
The technological schedule of the practical lesson
The technological schedule of the practical lesson
Specialized skills help you stand out amongst job applicants, but they aren’t the only skills that employers seek. There are many transferable soft skills that are sure to come in handy throughout your career. From professional communication to emotional intelligence, here are just 10 of the abilities that make you an invaluable asset in the workplace. The importance of professional communication skills cannot be overstated. Whether you are speaking with your coworkers via email, phone, or video call, what you say — and how you say it — matters. You may have heard that potential employers begin interviewing you the moment you contact them. Any email interaction you have with your interviewer before your initial phone screen or meeting is of utmost importance in the interview process. If you are unable to clearly express yourself via email, they may question whether or not you will be able to express yourself in the office. Remember to greet the recipient(s) of your email by name and close professionally (“Thanks” and “Cheers” are great options). This isn’t always necessary when talking with coworkers, but beware of lingo that may jeopardize your high standard of communication. When it comes to video communication, ensure that you are dressed professionally before the call begins. As a rule of thumb, avoid distracting clothing and jewelry. Wearing your favorite Marvel Comics shirt could distract the person with whom you’re speaking, and they may spend the entire call wondering where they can get one just like it. Not exactly productive. In general, speak clearly and be concise. And most importantly, if you need to ask a question for clarification, go for it! Technology is changing every day. The skills that were impressive just a few years ago are now, sadly, outdated. The ability to recognize when updated or new skills are required is invaluable in any career. Are you a visual, auditory, or kinesthetic learner? Knowing this can help you pick up skills in a uniquely efficient way. You may learn best when you’re reading, or maybe online courses better suit your style. Either way, engaging with great content is a fantastic way to become better at your job. While you’re gobbling up information on the latest tech and marketing trends, don’t forget that professional skills aren’t everything. Outside of work, discover practices that inspire the creativity and mindfulness you need to do your job well. You don’t have to work in the sales department to hone your sales skills. In fact, the ability to sell comes in handy in virtually every career on the planet. Do you know your product? Can you use it well enough to teach someone else how it works? This is important knowledge for any employee. Another invaluable sales skill is the ability to speak clearly and empathetically. Get to the point but remember that you’re not a robot! Human beings value authentic conversations with other human beings. No one enjoys a shallow phone call or meeting. Finally, become a great listener. This is the only way you’ll be able to ask intelligent follow-up questions during conversations.
A) bought B) buying C) buy
D) buys 2. A: _____ did she _____ a job? B: In the car factory. A) When / get B) Where / got C) Who / get D) Where / get 3. Max didn’t _____ yesterday afternoon; he _____ at home. A) go out / stayed B) go out / stay C) went out / stayed D) went out / stay
B: No, I _____ . A) * / saw / didn’t B) Did / see / didn’t C) Did / saw / didn’t D) Did / see / did 5. Geoffrey _____ French before, but he _____ at university now. A) study didn’t / studies B) didn’t study / study C) did not study / studies D) didn’t studied / studies
A) was meeting / did B) met / was doing C) meet / do D) met / did
A) paid / was hearing B) pay / heard C) was paying / hear D) was paying / heard
A) had / was dropping B) have / dropped C) have / drop D) were having / dropped
A) picked / was cutting B) was picking / cut C) pick / cut D) picks / cut
A) shopped / lose B) was shopping / lost C) shopped / was losing D) shop / lose
8-Theme: Globalization Model of teaching technology of the lesson
The technological schedule of the practical lesson
The technological schedule of the practical lesson
What is 'Globalization'? Globalization represents the global integration of international trade, investment, information technology and cultures. Government policies designed to open economies domestically and internationally to boost development in poorer countries and raise standards of living for their people are what drive globalization. However, these policies have created an international free market that has mainly benefited multinational corporations in the Western world to the detriment of smaller businesses, cultures and common people. BREAKING DOWN 'Globalization' Through globalization, corporations can gain a competitive advantage from lower operating costs, and access to new raw materials and additional markets. In addition, multinational corporations can manufacture, buy and sell goods worldwide. For example, a Japan-based car manufacturer can manufacture auto parts in several developing countries, ship the parts to another country for assembly and sell the finished cars to any nation. Globalization is not a new concept. In ancient times, traders traveled vast distances to buy rare commodities such as salt, spices and gold, which they would then sell in their home countries. The 19th century Industrial Revolution brought advances in communication and transportation that have removed borders and increased cross-border trade. In the last few decades, globalization has occurred at an unprecedented pace. Public policy and technology are the two main driving factors behind the current globalization boom. Over the past 20 years, governments worldwide have integrated a free market economic system through fiscal policies and trade agreements. This evolution of economic systems has increased industrialization and financial opportunities abroad. Governments now focus on removing barriers to trade and promoting international commerce. Technology is a major contributor to globalization. Advancements in IT and the flow of information across borders have increased awareness among populations of economic trends and investment opportunities. Technological advancement such as digitalization has simplified and accelerated the transfer of financial assets between countries.
Globalization is also a social, cultural, political and legal phenomenon. In social terms, globalization represents greater interconnectedness among global populations. Culturally, globalization represents the exchange of ideas and values among cultures, and even a trend toward the development of a single world culture. Politically, globalization has shifted countries' political activities to the global level through intergovernmental organizations like the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. With regard to law, globalization has altered how international law is created and enforced. The Globalization Controversy Proponents of globalization believe it allows developing countries to catch up to industrialized nations through increased manufacturing, diversification, economic expansion and improvements in standards of living. China is a good example of a national economy that has benefited immensely from globalization. Outsourcing by companies brings jobs and technology to developing countries. Trade initiatives increase cross-border trading by removing supply-side and trade-related constraints. The North American Free Trade Agreement, for example, encouraged U.S. car manufacturers to relocate operations to Mexico where labor costs are lower, and many U.S. companies have outsourced call centers to India. Globalization has advanced social justice on an international scale, and globalization advocates report that it has drawn attention to human rights worldwide. In addition, some feel the spread of pop culture across borders will advance the exchange of ideas, art, language and music. Disadvantages of Globalization Economic downturns in one country can affect other countries' economies through a domino effect. For example, when Greece experienced a debt crisis in 2010, the all of Europe felt the impact. In addition, globalization may have disproportionately benefited Western corporations and enhanced wealth disparity. Free trade implies a greater risk of failure for small, private or family-owned companies competing in a global market. There is also a digital divide because not all populations have internet access. Some suggest that globalization has created a concentration of information and power in the hands of a small elite, and certain groups have acquired resources and power that exceed those of any single nation, posing new threats to human rights on an international scale. Standards of living have risen overall as more third-world countries experience industrialization. However, some politicians argue that globalization is detrimental to the middle class, and is causing increasing economic and political polarization in the United States. Outsourcing, where U.S. companies transfer their facilities abroad to lower labor costs and avoid negotiating with unions, means workers in the United States must now compete internationally for jobs. Globalization has contributed to global warming, climate change and the overuse of natural resources. An increase in the demand for goods has boosted manufacturing and industrialization. Globalization has also increased homogenization in countries. For example, international chains, such as Starbucks, Nike and The Gap, dominate commercial space in every U.S. town and many towns in other nations. Cultural exchange has been largely one-sided because U.S. goods and culture have influenced other countries more than those of any other nation. Questions: What are the effects of globalization on the culture of the people affected? To a degree, this depends on which people you are discussing. A subsistence farm in sub-Saharan Africa and a hedge fund manager based in London have very different cultural experiences. What roles have international institutions played in helping developing countries curb various... International institutions are non-governmental institutions created in developed countries to provide various kinds of aid and development assistance to developing countries. How does gender relate to globalization? One effect of globalization on gender dynamics is the increase in employment for women, which is often exploitative of women in developing countries. With the aid of examples, explain how globalization has affected an industry of your choice. One industry that has been significantly affected by globalization is the automotive industry. Originally, automotive manufacturers were vertically integrated and operated in individual countries1 educator answer What are tools to enhance globalization? On the most general level, globalization is enhanced by removing barriers to trade in goods and services, including tariffs and other restrictions. The main reason this question is so complicated is that it is exceedingly nonsensical. Walter LaFeber has, for many years, represented a left-leaning. What is globalization? In simplest terms, globalization refers to global interconnection in terms of trade, ideas, culture, etc. In a globalized world, social and economic activities transcend the borders and regions 9-Theme: How does the environment affect our health ? Can climate change make us sicker ? “Skills for success”
The technological schedule of the practical lesson
HEALTH: “HEALTH IS A STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MENTAL, SOCIAL AND SPIRITUAL WELL-BEING AND NOT MERELY THE ABSENCE OF DISEASE OR INFIRMITY.” in recent years the statement is amplified to include, “THE ABILITY TO LEAD A SOCIALLY AND ECONOMICALLY PRODUCTIVE LIFE.” HOLISTIC CONCEPT OF HEALTH: This concept recognizes the strength of social, economic, political and environmental influences on health DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH: Heredity Health and family welfare services Environment Life-style Socio-economic conditions Others ENVIRONMENT All that which is external to man is the environment broadly speaking.The concept of environment is complex. The external environment or the Macro-environment is said to be responsible for millions of preventable diseases originating in it. Micro-environment is the Domestic environment in which man lives. The term Internal environment is some time used for the environment inside the body. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: “All that is external to the individual human host, living and non-living, and with which he is in constant interaction”. PHYSICAL: air, water, soil, housing, climate, geography, heat, light, noise, debris, radiation, etc. BIOLOGICAL: man, viruses, microbial agents, insects, rodents, animals and plants, etc. PSYCHOSOCIAL: cultural values, customs, beliefs, habits, attitudes, morals, religion, education, lifestyles, community life, health services, social and political organization. The environment is all external conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the growth and development of an organism or community of organisms. Environmental health is the study and management of environmental conditions that affect the health and well-being of humans. Question 1 Question: Define environment. Answer: Environment is defined as the surroundings in which the organism lives. Question 2 Question: How is the environment classified into three types? Answer: The environment may be classified into three types based on the nature of its components. The physical environment that includes the physical features of the environment, the chemical environment that includes the chemical substances that make up the environment and the biological environment that includes the living organisms. Question 3 Question: What are the two components of the environment? Answer: The two components of the environment are the biotic (plants, animals and microbes) and the abiotic (non-living component). Question 4 Question: Define conservation of environment. Answer: Maintaining and judiciously using the environment is called conservation. Question 5 Question: Name any four environmental problems faced by today's world. Answer: Four environmental problems being faced by today's world are: 1) Population explosion 2) Pollution 3) Global warming 4) Soil erosion Question 6 Question: Why is ozone layer important? Answer: Ozone layer is important for us as it protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays. Question 7 Question: How does municipal waste contribute to air pollution? Answer: Municipal waste consists of organic matter. The decomposition of this under anaerobic conditions produces methane. Methane produces carbon monoxide on oxidation. The municipal wastes also contribute to air pollution by producing foul smelling gases on decomposition. Question 8 Question: What is greenhouse effect? Answer: Earth is surrounded by an envelope of gases. Most of the solar radiation that reaches the earth is reflected back. However, some of the heat is absorbed by the gases like carbon dioxide that form an insulating layer around the earth. This heating of earth by the insulating effect of the gases is called greenhouse effect. Question 9 Question: What is ozone? How is it beneficial to us? Answer: Ozone (O3) is a gas present in the stratosphere of the atmosphere. Ozone is known to absorb the ultraviolet (UV) rays present in the sun's radiation. The UV rays are believed to cause skin cancer and mutations. Thus, the ozone protects us from the harmful effects of the UV rays. Question 10 Question: What is oxygen depletion? Answer: The sewage contains the organic matter that encourages the growth of microorganisms. These organisms consume the oxygen present in water. This reduces the oxygen content of the water. This is called oxygen depletion. The aquatic organisms like the fish cannot then survive in such waters. Test A(n) ______ expresses environmental impact in terms of the cumulative area of land and water required to provide the resources a person consumes. a. overshoot b. ecological footprint c. hypothesis-driven science d. renewable resource 2. Along with population growth, which of the following is a major root of the environmental problems caused by humans? a. our reforestation projects b. our exploitation and consumption of resources c. our sustainable development practices d. our renewable energy initiatives
a. A hypothesis becomes a theory when it has been confirmed by a single experiment. b. A hypothesis must be testable and can be disproven, whereas a theory is testable but cannot be disproven. c. Theories can be used to predict new discoveries by generating new hypotheses from them. d. A theory is an "educated guess" as to the explanation of a phenomenon.
a. Scanning electron microscopy helped identify pollen grains in order to reconstruct the islands ecosystem. b. As resources declined, the islanders began keeping chickens in stone fortresses to prevent theft. c. Easter Island was once inhabited by a flourishing civilization that depleted the island's natural resources to the point that the island is now a barren landscape devoid of trees, most wildlife, and arable land. d. The large statues were transported from the quarries to the coast by fabricating rope and wheels from trees.
The technological schedule of the practical lesson
The UK has 12,485 km of coastline as well as a relatively short, 360-km land boundary with the Republic of Ireland. It has five large international airports and numerous mid-size airports, capable of handling external EU traffic. It has various, large containerised ports and ferry terminals with Grimsby and Immingham, London Ports, and Tees and Hartlepool the three largest by tonnage handled. In 2008, UK ports handled 562 million metric tonnes, more than any other European country (source: UK Department of Transport). Two of its London Airports, Heathrow and Gatwick, are among the busiest in the world. Recently published passenger statistics placed them in first and fifteenth place respectively internationally in terms of passenger throughput (source: Airports Council International). The Channel Tunnel rail link also serves significant passenger movements between the UK and France/Belgium, accounting for 17 million passenger journeys in 2009 (source: UK Department of Transport). UK Border Agency Border Force officers are present 24/7, at all major maritime and aviation Border Control Points. The UKBA also has officers stationed in France and Belgium to perform juxtaposed border control in those two countries. In addition to the major points of entry into the UK, it is estimated that there are around 600 small ports and airports, including general aviation airstrips representing potential points of entry for goods and persons into the UK (source: Monnet University of Southampton, UK Border Security 2009). The UK Border Agency (UKBA) is the principal border control authority for the United Kingdom (UK) government, the key functions of which are processing visas in the UK and 135 countries worldwide, regulating and enforcing Customs and immigration law at all ports of entry (previously carried out respectively by Her Majesty’s Revenue
TEST OF GREAT BRITAIN 1. What is the official name of Britain? a) The United Kingdom b) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland c) Great Britain 2. Where is the UK situated? a) On Victoria Island b) On New Zealand Island c) On the British Isles 3. What parts does the UK consist of? a) England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland b) England, Scotland, Wales c) England, Wales, Northern Ireland 4. What is the capital of Britain? a) Washington b ) Edinburgh c) London 5. What is the oldest part of London? a) The City b) The West End c) The East End 6. What river is the British capital situated on? a) On the Severn c) on the Mississippi 7. What is the capital of Scotland? a) Belfast b) Edinburgh c) Cardiff 8. What is the capital of Wales? a) Belfast b) Edinburgh c) Cardiff 9. What is the capital of Northern Ireland? a) Belfast b) Edinburgh c) Cardiff 10. What is the symbol of England? a) The thistle b) The daffodil c) The red rose 11. What is the symbol of Scotland? a) The thistle b) The daffodil c) The red rose 12. What is the symbol of Wales? a) The thistle b) The daffodil c) The red rose 13. What is the symbol of Northern Ireland? a) The red hand and the shamrock b) The daffodil c) The thistle 14. What is Edinburgh famous for? a) for its art galleries b) for its music and theatre festivals c) for its monuments 15. What is Wales called? a) A “Land of Song” b) A “Land of Music” c) A “Land of Art” 16. When do British people celebrate Christmas? a) On the 7th of January b) On the 25th of December c) On the 19th of January 17. What is the traditional Christmas meal in Britain? a) Roast chicken and apple pie b) Roast potato and cherry pie c) Roast turkey and pudding 18. What is the longest river in Britain? a) The Severn b) The Thames c) The Tay 19. What is the deepest river in Britain? a) The Thames b) The Severn c) The Tweed 20. Why is it never too hot or too cold in Britain? a) It is because of the wind b) It is because of the high mountains c) It is because of the sea 21. What is the best and driest season in Britain? a) Spring b) Summer c) Autumn 22. What is the London home of the Queen? a) Buckingham Palace b) Westminster Palace c)The Houses of Parliament 23. What is the official name of the parliament building? a) Buckingham Palace b) Westminster Palace c)The Houses of Parliament 24. What was the Tower of London? a) A palace, a fortress, a shop b) A palace, a prison, a fortress c) A prison, a fortress, a library 25. What is the Tower of London now? A) It is a palace b) It is a library c) It is a museum 26. What birds live in the Tower of London? a) Sparrows b) Woodpeckers c) Ravens 27. What is in the centre of Trafalgar Square? a) Nelson’s Column b) the Monument to Queen c) the Monument to Peter Pan 28. Who was the architect of St. Paul’s Cathedral? a) Charles Barry b) Christopher Wren c) Charles Mackintosh 29. What is the national drink in Britain? a) Tea
b) Coca-cola c) Beer 30. What is the national sport of Britain? a) Cricket b) Football c) Rugby
11-Theme:The Political System of Great Britain. The Parliament, the British Electoral System. Model of teaching technology of the lesson
Politics of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom is a unitary state with devolution that is governed within the framework of a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy in which the monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, is the head of state while the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, currently Theresa May, is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the British government, on behalf of and by the consent of the monarch, as well as by the devolved governments of Scotland and Wales and the Northern Ireland Executive. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the House of Commons and the House of Lords, as well as in the Scottish Parliament and Welsh and Northern Ireland assemblies. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The highest court is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The UK political system is a multi-party system. Since the 1920s, the two dominant parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics, the Liberal Party was the other major political party, along with the Conservatives. While coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party, such as the Liberal Democrats, to deliver a working majority in Parliament. A Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government held office from 2010 until 2015, the first coalition since 1945.[1] The coalition ended following parliamentary elections on 7 May 2015, in which the Conservative Party won an outright majority of 330 seats in the House of Commons, while their coalition partners lost all but eight seats.[2] With the partition of Ireland, Northern Ireland received home rule in 1920, though civil unrest meant direct rule was restored in 1972. Support for nationalist parties in Scotland and Wales led to proposals for devolution in the 1970s, though only in the 1990s did devolution happen. Today, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland each possess a legislature and executive, with devolution in Northern Ireland being conditional on participation in certain all-Ireland institutions. The UK government remains responsible for non-devolved matters and, in the case of Northern Ireland, co-operates with the government of the Republic of Ireland. It is a matter of dispute as to whether increased autonomy and devolution of executive and legislative powers has contributed to the increase in support for independence. The principal Scottish pro-independence party, the Scottish National Party, became a minority government in 2007 and then went on to win an overall majority of MSPs at the 2011 Scottish parliament elections and forms the Scottish Government administration. A 2014 referendum on independence led to a rejection of the proposal but with 44.7% voting for it. In Northern Ireland, a smaller percentage vote for Irish nationalist parties. The largest, Sinn Féin, not only advocates Irish reunification, but its members also abstain from taking their elected seats in the Westminster parliament, as this would entail taking a pledge of allegiance to the British monarch. The constitution of the United Kingdom is uncodified, being made up of constitutional conventions, statutes and other elements such as EU law. This system of government, known as the Westminster system, has been adopted by other countries, especially those that were formerly parts of the British Empire. The United Kingdom is also responsible for several dependencies, which fall into two categories: the Crown dependencies, in the immediate vicinity of the UK, and British Overseas Territories, which originated as colonies of the British Empire. The United Kingdom Government The monarch appoints a Prime Minister as the head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, guided by the strict convention that the Prime Minister should be the member of the House of Commons most likely to be able to form a Government with the support of that House. In practice, this means that the leader of the political party with an absolute majority of seats in the House of Commons is chosen to be the Prime Minister. If no party has an absolute majority, the leader of the largest party is given the first opportunity to form a coalition. The Prime Minister then selects the other Ministers which make up the Government and act as political heads of the various Government Departments. About twenty of the most senior government ministers make up the Cabinet and approximately 100 ministers in total comprise the government. In accordance with constitutional convention, all ministers within the government are either Members of Parliament or peers in the House of Lords. As in some other parliamentary systems of government (especially those based upon the Westminster System), the executive (called "the government") is drawn from and is answerable to Parliament - a successful vote of no confidence will force the government either to resign or to seek a parliamentary dissolution and a general election. In practice, members of parliament of all major parties are strictly controlled by whips who try to ensure they vote according to party policy. If the government has a large majority, then they are very unlikely to lose enough votes to be unable to pass legislation 1. Which of the following is able to choose the date of the General Election? a) The electorate b)The Lord Chancellor c)The Duke of Edinburgh d)The Prime Minister 2. How often does an election have to be held in the UK? a) at least once every 5 years b) at least once every 3 years c) every 4 years d) every 2 years 3. In the UK you can vote when you are 16 years old. True
False 4. If you are eligible to vote, your name will appear on the Electoral Register in your area. Where can you find copies of this register? a) Supermarkets b) Local authority offices c) Most large pubs d) Schools and colleges 5. In the UK, what is the official name given to the place where people go to vote? a) Polling station b)The hustings c)Voting station d)Primary school 6. The electoral system used for General Elections requires voters to put a _____ next to the candidate of their choice. What word is missing? a)Cross b)Tick
c)Number d)Star
7. Which of the following are British political parties? a)The Green Party b)The Liberal Democrats c)All of them d)The Scottish National Party
The technological schedule of the practical lesson
Political parties in England The Conservative Party (or Tory party) was in government for two-thirds of the twentieth century, but it has been in opposition since losing the 1997 election to the Labour Party. Its modern politics are considered to be ‘centre-right’. The Labour Party was founded at the start of the twentieth century. In 1997 it won the general election under Tony Blair, its first since 1974. The Party describes itself as the ‘democratic socialist party’ and is considered to be ‘centre-left’. The Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems.) are the third-largest party in the UK parliament. However the Party has never been in government. Their ideology is described as giving ‘power to the people’ with politics considered to be ‘centre/centre-left’. United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) has had a growing influence in the United Kingdom. The party’s principal aim is the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union. British National Party (BNP) is a ‘far right’ political party which is hugely controversial in the United Kingdom. It aims to protect native British homogeneity by reducing UK immigration. The Green Party’s radical politics are underpinned by core values to do with ensuring we look after the natural environments around us. Political parties in Scotland Parties represented in Scottish parliament are, the Scottish National Party, Labour, Conservatives, Liberal Democrats and the Scottish Green Party. The Scottish National party is the largest party in the Scottish Parliament since elections in 2007. It is a ‘Centre-left’ political party. Political parties in Wales Parties represented in the Welsh Assembly include, Welsh Labor, Plaid Cyrus, Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. Currently Plaid Cyrus and Welsh Labor work together as a coalition government. Political parties in Northern Ireland The Northern Ireland Assembly elects the Northern Ireland Executive which consists of a number of key ministers, including the First Minister. Each party has a share of ministerial positions. Key political parties are: The Ulster Unionist Party, Democratic Unionist Party, Sinn Fein and Social Democratic and Labor Party. For up to date in-depth news coverage on British and international politics it is worth watching Panorama on the BBC or alternatively tuning into Radio Four’s Today programmer, broadcast every morning. Meanwhile if you are more into reading, The Spectator is a good read and a highly rated magazine for coverage of both British and world politics. British politics is rarely boring. It is said a week is not long in politics especially with the British media’s speed in creating spins on new dramatic stories. Test 1. Which of the following are British political parties? a)The Green Party b)The Liberal Democrats c)All of them d)The Scottish National Party 2. What do the initials M.P. stand for in UK politics? Answer: ( Three Words (singular) - the second word is 'of') 3. Do MPs work in the House of Commons or the House of Lords?
4. What name is given to the Ministers in the Scottish Parliament? a) The Scottish Department b) The Tartan Army c) The Scottish Office d) The Scottish Government 13 Theme: Medical Service in Great Britain and Health service in Uzbekistan. The technological schedule of the practical lesson
What key UN entities deliver humanitarian aid?Four UN entities, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Food Programme (WFP) have primary roles in the delivery of relief assistance. UNDP is the agency responsible for operational activities for natural disaster mitigation, prevention and preparedness. When emergencies occur, UNDP Resident Coordinators coordinate relief and rehabilitation efforts at the national level. Helping refugeesThe UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) emerged in the wake of World War II to help Europeans displaced by that conflict. The agency leads and co-ordinates international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide. The General Assembly created the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) to provide emergency relief to some 750,000 Palestine refugees, who had lost their homes and livelihoods as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. Today, some 5 million Palestine refugees are eligible for UNRWA services. The UN General Assembly hosted a high-level meeting on 19 September 2016 to address large movements of refugees and migrants, with the aim of bringing countries together behind a more humane and coordinated approach. Helping ChildrenSince its beginning, The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) has strived to reach as many children as possible with effective, low-cost solutions to counter the biggest threats to their survival. UNICEF also consistently urges governments and warring parties to act more effectively to protect children. Feeding the HungryThe World Food Programme (WFP) provides relief to millions of people, who are victims of disasters. It is responsible for mobilizing food and funds for transport for all large-scale refugee-feeding operations managed by UNHCR. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is often called on to help farmers re-establish production following floods, outbreaks of livestock disease and similar emergencies. The FAO Global Information and Early Warning System issues monthly reports on the world food situation. Special alerts identify, for Governments and relief organizations, countries threatened by food shortages. Healing the SickThe World Health Organization (WHO) coordinates the international response to humanitarian health emergencies. WHO is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends. In the 21st century, health is a shared responsibility, involving equitable access to essential care and collective defense against transnational threats. Download 1,47 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
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