Alphabet Aa [ei] Nn [en] Bb [bi:] Oo [ou] Cc [si:] Pp [pi:] Dd [di:] Qq [qju:] Ee [i:] Rr [a:] Ff [ef] Ss [es] Gg [ji] Tt [ti:] Hh [eich] Uu [ju:] II [ai] VV [vi:] Jj [jei] Ww [d blju

M-n: Jane says: “I am busy”. → Jane says that she is busy.

Agar ko`chirma gapni o`zlashtirma gapga aylantirganimizda bosh gapda o`tgan zamon ishlatilgan bo`lsa, ergash gapda hozirgi yoki kelasi zamonlarni ishlatib bo`lmaydi, shuning uchun aslida ishlatilishi kerak bo`lgan zamonlar “bitta orqaga siljiydi” ya`ni quyidagicha o`zgaradi:

Present simple → past simple

Present continuous→past continuous

Present perfect→ past perfect

Present perfect continuous – past perfect continuous

Future simple →Future simple in the past(should, would + V1)

Future continuous →Future continuous in the past (should, would be + Ving)

Future perfect →Future perfect in the past (should,would have fe`l(IIIsh. Yoki ed;d;))

Future perfect continuous →Future perfect continuous in the past (should,would+have+fe`l(IIIsh.yoki d;ed)+2.d.b.)

Past simple →Past perfect

Past perfect →O`zgarmaydi.

Past continuous – past perfect continuous

Zamon o`zgarishlari bilan birga gapdagi ravishlar ham quyidagicha o`zgaradi:

This→ that

These →those

Tomorrow→ the next day yoki the following day

Yesterday →the day before yesterday

Ago→ before

Now →then

Today →that day

Tonight→ that night

Next →the following

Agar ko`chirma gap tarkibidagi bosh gapda to`ldiruvchi bo`lsa, o`zlashtirma gapga aylantirganimizda bosh gap tarkibidagi to say fe`li to tell fe`liga aylantiriladi.

M-n: Jane says to me: “I am busy”. Jane tells me she is busy.

b) Agar ko`chirma gap tarkibidagi ergash gap umumiy so`roq gap bo`lsa, o`zlashtirma gapga aylantirganimizda o`zlashtirma gap tarkibidagi bosh gap va ergash gap if yoki wether bog`lovchilari bilan bog`lanadi va umumiy so`roq gap darak gap shaklida ko`chiriladi. Bundan tashqari say fe`limiz ask fe`liga o`zgartiriladi. Agar ko`chirma gap tarkibida or bog`lovchisi qatnashsa asosan whether ishlatiladi.

M-n: Jane says: “Is John busy today?”. Jane asks if (wether) John is busy today. Jeyn Jo`nni bugun bandligini so`raydi.

Jane asked if John was busy that day. Jeyn Jo`n o`sha kuni bandligini so`radi.

Agar ko`chirma gap tarkibida maxsus so`roq gap qatnashgan bo`lsa, o`zlashtirma gapga aylantirganda so`roq gap darak gapga o`zgartiriladi va bosh gap va ergash gap so`roq so`zlar bilan bog`lanadi. Shuningdek, say fe`limiz ask fe`liga o`zgartiriladi.

M-n: Jane says: “Where have you seen Tom today?” Jeyn deydi sen bugun Tomni qayerda ko`rding?

Jane asks where I have seen Tom today. Jeyn men bugun Tomni qayerda ko`rganligimni so`raydi.

Jane asked where I had seen Tom that day.

c) Agar ko`chirma gap tarkibidagi ergash gap buyruq gap bo`lsa o`zlashtirma gapga aylantirganimizda o`zlashtirma gap tarkibidagi bosh gap va ergash gap o`zaro to bog`lovchisi bilan bog`lanadi va bu o`zbek tiliga ish deb tarjima qilinadi. Bunday vaziyatda ko`chirma gapning bosh gapi tarkibidagi say fe`li o`zlashtirma gapda tell fe`liga yoki ayrim paytlarda order (buyurmoq) o`zgartiriladi.

M-n: Jane says: “Close the door.” Jane tells to close the door. Jane eshikni yopishni aytdi.

Agar buyruq inkor gap bo`lsa not to bog`lovchisi orqali bog`lanadi.

M-n: Jane says: “Don’t close the door” Jane tells not to close the door. Jeyn eshikni yopmaslikni aytadi.

Istisno: Agar ko`chirma gap tarkibidagi ergash gapda aniq yillar yoki vaqt berilgan bo`lsa bunday gapni o`zlashtirma gapga aylantirganimizda bosh gapimiz o`tgan zamonlarning birida bo`lishiga qaramasdan zamon moslashmaydi.

M-n: Jane says : “I was born in 1990”. Jane said that she was born in 1990. Jeyn u 1990 –y ilda tug`ilganligini aytdi.