28
( )
.
-
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
m
ictg
i
m
ctg
m
s
ico
m
in
s
m
in
s
m
in
s
i
m
s
co
m
s
co
m
s
co
m
in
s
i
m
in
s
m
s
co
m
in
s
i
m
s
co
m
in
s
i
m
s
co
m
in
s
i
m
s
co
x
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
πκ
=
−
==
−
+
+
−
=
=
−
+
−
=
−
+
+
+
=
.
Shunday qilib,
1
,...,
1
,
−
=
−
=
m
m
ctg
i
x
κ
πκ
.■
9-m i s o l. Agar a va b o’zaro tub sonlar bo’lsa, 1 ning ab- darajali
ildizlari 1 ning a-darajali va b-darajali ildizlarining ko’paytmasidan iborat
bo’lishini isbotlang.
Yechish.
κ
α
va
s
β
mos ravishda 1 ning a-darajali va b-darajali ildizlari
bo’lsin, bunda
...,
1
,
0
=
κ
1
−
a
;
1
,...,
2
,
1
,
0
−
=
b
s
.
Avvalo 1 ning a-darajali ildizining b-darajali ildiziga ko’paytmasi 1 ning
ab darajali ildizi bo’lishini ko’rsatamiz. Haqiqatan,
1
,
1
=
=
b
a
β
α
bo’lsin. U
holda
( )
( ) ( )
1
=
=
a
b
b
a
ab
β
α
αβ
.
Endi
s
β
α
κ
larning har xil bo’lishini ko’rsatish yetarli. Faraz qilaylik,
2
2
1
1
s
s
β
α
β
α
κ
κ
=
. U holda
1
2
2
1
s
s
β
β
α
α
κ
κ
=
, ya’ni
j
i
β
α
=
. 13-masalaga ko’ra,
j
i
β
α
=
=1, ya’ni
2
1
κ
κ
=
,
2
1
s
s
=
. ■
10-m i s o l. Tenglamani yeching
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
...
2
2
2
1
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
n
n
n
n
n
x
n
s
co
C
x
s
co
C
x
s
co
C
s
co
α
ϕ
α
ϕ
α
ϕ
ϕ
.
Yechish.
(
)
(
)
n
n
x
n
s
co
x
s
co
C
s
co
S
α
ϕ
α
ϕ
ϕ
+
+
+
+
+
=
...
1
,
(
)
(
)
n
n
x
n
in
s
x
in
s
C
in
s
T
α
ϕ
α
ϕ
ϕ
+
+
+
+
+
=
...
1
bo’lsin.
U
holda
(
)
n
x
Ti
S
λ
µ
+
=
+
1
,
(
)
n
x
Ti
S
λ
µ
+
=
−
1
,
bu
yerda
,
α
α
λ
in
s
i
s
co
+
=
ϕ
ϕ
µ
in
s
i
s
co
+
=
. Bulardan
.
)
1
(
)
1
(
2
n
n
x
x
S
λ
µ
λ
µ
+
+
+
=
Tenglama
0
)
1
(
)
1
(
=
+
+
+
n
n
x
x
λ
µ
λ
µ
ko’rinishga keladi. Bu tenglamani yechib,
1
,...,
2
,
1
,
0
;
2
2
2
)
1
(
2
2
)
1
(
−
=
−
−
+
−
+
−
=
n
k
n
n
k
in
s
n
k
in
s
x
k
α
ϕ
π
ϕ
π
ni hosil qilamiz. ■
29
M A S H Q L A R
59. Birning quyidagi darajali ildizlarini toping:
a) 2; b) 3; c) 4; d) 8; e) 12; f) 24.
60. Birning quyidagi darajali boshlang’ich ildizlarini toping:
a) 2; b) 3; c) 4; d) 8; e) 12; f) 24 .
61. Birning a) 16; b) 20; c) 24 darajali har bir ildizi qaysi ko’rsatkichga
tegishli bo’lishini aniqlang.
62.
ε
- 1 ning 2n-darajali boshlang’ich ildizi bo’lsa,
1
2
....
1
−
+
+
+
+
n
ε
ε
ε
yig’indini hisoblang.
63. 1
ning barcha n- darajali ildizlari yig’indisini toping.
64.
ε
- 1 ning n-darajali ildizi bo’lsa,
1
2
....
3
2
1
−
+
+
+
+
n
n
ε
ε
ε
yig’indini
hisoblang.
65.
ε
- 1 ning n-darajali ildizi bo’lsin.
1
2
2
....
9
4
1
−
+
+
+
+
n
n
ε
ε
ε
yig’indini hisoblang.
66. Yig’indilarni hisoblang:
.
)
1
(
2
)
1
(
...
4
2
)
;
)
1
(
2
)
1
(
...
4
2
2
)
n
n
in
s
n
n
in
s
n
in
s
b
n
n
s
co
n
n
s
co
n
s
co
a
π
π
π
π
π
π
−
−
+
+
+
−
−
+
+
+
67. 1 ning:
a) 15-chi; b) 24-chi; c) 30-chi darajali boshlang’ich ildizlari yig’indisini
toping.
68*.
b
a,
,
,
µ
λ
kompleks
sonlar,
n
natural
son
bo’lsin.
.
0
)
(
)
(
=
−
+
−
n
n
b
z
a
z
µ
λ
tenglamaning ildizlari bitta aylanada yoki to’g’ri
chiziqda yotishini isbotlang.
69. Tenglamalarni yeching:
a)
0
)
2
(
)
2
(
=
−
−
+
n
n
x
x
;
b)
0
)
5
(
)
5
(
=
−
−
+
n
n
i
x
i
x
;
c*)
0
)
3
(
)
3
(
=
−
+
+
n
n
i
x
i
i
x
;
d)
(
)
R
∈
≠
=
−
+
−
+
a
ai
x
in
s
i
s
co
ai
x
n
n
,
2
,
0
)
(
)
(
κπ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
.
70*. Agar A moduli 1 ga teng bo’lgan kompleks son bo’lsa,
A
ix
ix
m
=
−
+
1
1
tenglamaning barcha ildizlari haqiqiy va har xil bo’lishini isbotlang.
71*. Agar a va b o’zaro tub sonlar bo’lsa,
1
−
a
x
va
1
−
b
x
ko’phadlar
yagona umumiy ildizga ega bo’lishini ko’rsating.
30
72*. Agar a va b o’zaro tub sonlar bo’lsa, 1 ning a-darajali va b- darajali
bolang’ich ildizlarining ko’paytmasi 1 ning
ab darajali boshlang’ich ildizi
bo’ladi va aksincha. Shu tasdiqni isbotlang.
73. a va b o’zaro tub sonlar bo’lsa,
( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
ab
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
=
bo’lishini isbotlang,
bu yerda
( )
n
ϕ
1 ning n-darajali boshlang’ich ildizlari soni.
74*. Agar
k
k
p
p
p
n
α
α
α
...
2
2
1
1
=
,
k
p
p
p
,...,
,
2
1
-har xil tub sonlar bo’lsa,
( )
.
1
1
...
1
1
1
1
2
1
−
−
−
=
k
p
p
p
n
n
ϕ
tenglik o’rinli bo’lishini isbotlang.
75*.
n > 2 bo’lganda 1 ning
n-darajali boshlang’ich ildizlari soni juft son
bo’lishini isbotlang.
76. n ning quyidagi qiymtalari uchun
( )
x
X
n
doiraviy ko’phadni yozing:
a) 1; b) 2; c) 3; d) 4; e) 5; f) 6; g) 7; h) 8;
b) i) 9; j) 10; k) 11; l) 12; m) 15; n) 105.
77. p tub son uchun
( )
x
X
p
ko’phadni yozing.
78*.
( )
x
X
m
p
ko’phadni yozing, p tub son.
79*. n>1 toq son uchun
( )
( )
x
X
x
X
n
n
−
=
2
tenglikni isbotlang.
80*. Agar d son n sonning tub bo’luvchilaridan tashkil topgan bo’lsa, 1
ning nd-darajali boshlang’ich ildizi 1 ning n-darajali ildizining d-darajali ildizi
bo’ladi va aksincha. Shuni isbotlang.
81*. Agar
κ
α
κ
α
α
p
p
p
n
...
2
1
2
1
=
,
κ
p
p
p
,...,
,
2
1
- har xil tub sonlar bo’lsa,
( )
( )
n
n
n
x
X
x
X
′′
′
=
,
n
n
n
p
p
p
n
′
=
′′
=
′
;
...
2
1
κ
bo’lishini isbotlang.
82*.
( )
n
µ
orqali 1 ning n-darajali boshlang’ich ildizlari yig’inidsini
belgilaymiz. Agar
n biror tub sonning kvadratiga bo’linsa,
( )
0
=
n
µ
, agar n juft
sondagi har xil tub sonlarning ko’paytmasi bo’lsa,
( )
1
=
n
µ
; agar n toq sondagi
tub sonlarning ko’paytmasi bo’lsa
( )
1
−
=
n
µ
bo’lishini isbotlang.
83*. Agar
d n sonning barcha bo’luvchilari to’plamida o’zgarsa,
1
≠
n
bo’lganda
( )
0
1
=
∑
≠
n
d
µ
tenglik o’rinli bo’lishini ko’rsating.
84*.
( )
(
)
( )
d
n
d
n
x
x
X
µ
1
−
Π
=
bo’lishini isbotlang, bu yerda
d n sonning
barcha bo’luvchilari to’plamida o’zgaradi.
85*.
( )
1
n
X
ni toping.
86*.
( )
1
−
n
X
ni toping.
87*. Birning ikkitadan olingan n-darajali boshlang’ich ildizlari
yig’indisini toping.
88*.
( )
2
1
9
4
...
1
−
+
+
+
+
+
=
n
S
ε
ε
ε
ε
, bunda
ε
– birning n–darajali
boshlang’ich ildizi.
S
ni toping.
31
6-§. Kompleks o’zgaruvchining ko’rsatkichli va
logarifmik funksiyalari
z kompleks o’zgaruvchining ko’rsatkili funksiyasi quyidagi Eyler
formulasi yordamida aniqlanadi:
(
)
inb
s
i
b
s
co
e
e
a
bi
a
+
=
+
.
Bu formulaga
a = 0 ni qo’yib,
bi
e
inb
s
i
b
s
co
=
+
ni hosil qilamiz.
b ni –b ga almashtirib,
bi
e
inb
s
i
b
s
co
−
=
−
ni hosil qilamiz.
Bu tenglamalarni hadlab qo’shib va ayirib, quyidagi formulalarni hosil
qilamiz:
i
e
e
inb
s
e
e
b
s
co
bi
bi
bi
bi
2
,
2
−
−
−
=
+
=
,
bular
Eyler formulalari deb ataladi. Ular trigonometrik va mavhum ko’rsatkichli
funksiyalar o’rtasidagi bog’lanishni ifodalaydi.
Kompleks sonning
(
)
ϕ
ϕ
α
in
s
i
s
co
r
+
=
trigonometrik shaklini
i
re
ϕ
ko’rinishda yozish mumkin. Kompleks sonning bunday ko’rinishdagi yozuvi
uning ko’rsatkichli shakli deyiladi. Kompleks sonning ko’rsatkichli shaklini
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