64
T. G. Andrews and N. Chompusri
and Ogunlana
2007
) and upward influence strategies (Ralston et al.
2005
)—reiterate the
importance of Thailand’s hierarchical social system as a key explanatory influence along
-
side the traditional, paternalistic style of indigenous management in which the boss pro
-
vides direction, protection, and emotional support for his colleagues and staff (Holmes
and Tangtongtavy
1995
).
In expressing—as well as preserving—these norms and values the subtleties of the
Thai language acknowledge differences in rank, age, social distance and the intimacy of
a relationship in their everyday workplace interaction (Holmes and Tangtongtavy
1995
).
As a ‘high-context’ culture (Hall
1983
;
Nimanandh and andrews
2009
) a relatively sig
-
nificant part of any indigenous Thai communication is vested in the context which sur
-
rounds the message rather than the actual spoken or written content (Mead and Andrews
2009
). High-context communicators draw heavily on the situational context to discern
accurately what the other person means through tacit,
non-verbal, personalized cues
which characterize indigenous FtF (face-to-face) exchange. In this way to outsiders Thai
indigenous interaction can seem ‘disarmingly indirect’, especially as most Thais (and
Asians generally) are reluctant to advance personal opinions or attitudes (Holmes and
Tangtongtavy
1995
, p. 22).
Thai workplace behavior is refined further through several unique indigenous con
-
structs instanced by
sum ruam
(moderation and the ‘middle path’),
bunkhun
(the impor
-
tance of reciprocating favors), and
hai kiat
(the giving of respect and dignity). But by far
the most influential is the notion of
kreng jai
(Holmes and Tangtongtavy
1995
; Komin
1990a
, 1990b).
Kreng jai
comprises a range of behaviors
enacted in adherence to a
strong, culturally-derived propensity to consider the feelings, ego and, or, face of others
(Yukongdi
2010
; Nimanandh and andrews
2009
). These include complying with oth
-
ers wishes or requests, refraining from disturbing or interrupting others, refraining from
shows of displeasure or anger so as not to cause discomfort to others and/or the avoidance
of asserting one’s opinions or needs, and a reluctance to give instructions or pass orders to
colleagues with more age or experience (Holmes and Tangtongtavy
1995
).
However, given the dated, anecdotal and largely fragmented nature of the extant empir
-
ical evidence, the continuing relevance of
kreng jai
in a country
increasingly exposed to
global, predominantly Western/US media, business ideology and technology (House et al.
2004
) is questionable. Over the past two decades there is evidence that a new generation
of Thai workers are increasingly absorbing western values (Niffenegger et al.
2006
), most
notably in the superior-subordinate relationship (Yukongdi
2010
). Whereas older studies
such as Redding and Casey’s (
1976
) found that Thai managers favored an autocratic style
of leadership, more recent studies show thai managers adopting more democratic styles
of leadership (Limsila and Ogunlana
2007
; Ralston et al.
2005
; Yukongdi
2010
), lending
support to the GLOBE study findings which found team-oriented and participative lead
-
ership styles to be the most effective models for Thailand (e.g., Gupta et al.
2002
). How
-
ever, as Yukongdi (
2010
) notes, whereas a certain shift may be observed in the younger
management-level cadre, it remains to be seen whether such
changes reflect the Thai
working population as a whole.
In the wake of these continuing uncertainties this study addresses the contempo
-
rary role and influence of
kreng jai
on the adoption and use of key strategic organiza
-
tional practices at the local subsidiary of a UK services multinational (pseudo-named
65
Understanding Organizational Practice Adoption …
‘Cesaritt’). Cesaritt is a powerful and centralized organization seeking consistency in the
delivery of its global services in response to the progressive standardization of global cli
-
ent demands. The company hopes to attain this desired level of standardization primarily
through the transfer and subsequent adoption of key strategic organizational practices.
Given, however, that the norms and values which undergird its corporate-level practices
stem from the home context (i.e., the UK) in which the parent is embedded, and that the
UK and Thailand differ markedly on all key dimensions of culture ( see Table
1
) we may
envisage some degree of incompatibility, in turn affecting the level to which the practice
is internalized and approved by individual employees.
in
situating the role of
kreng jai
on the subsidiary adoption and usage of mandated
parent practices we firstly reviewed the literature pertinent both to practice transfer and
practice adaptation. Viewed in terms of a particular task Kostova and Roth (
2002
) found
that a subsidiary’s response to a parent initiative is influenced substantively by its inter
-
pretations, perceptions of and motivations towards the practice in question, shaped in
turn by the national institutional profile (comprising regulatory, normative and cognitive
elements) which embed the organization as well as the internal relationship between par
-
ent and subsidiary.
Traditionally the subject of relative neglect in the relevant literature, the normative
element of the national institutional profile overlaps substantially with prior models of
national culture and reflects the values, norms and assumptions held by individuals in
a given country (Kostova
1999
). Where the normative/cultural profile is favorable, the
practice is more likely to be perceived positively and thus adopted to the degree and in
the manner required by corporate headquarters. Kostova and Roth (
2002
) label this as
active
adoption. However, where discrepancies arise three other adoption modes were
uncovered:
Minimal
adoption (wherein the practice is in effect disavowed),
ceremonial
adoption (where the practice is used but not valued) and, finally,
assent
adoption (where
employees display a low behavioral response despite believing intrinsically in the value
of the practice) (Kostova and Roth
2002
).
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