late adopter
defines Walmart shoppers. Digital
programming and innovation gets less traction with this cohort.
Microsoft
Microsoft is no longer the Beast of Redmond, the company that utterly
dominated the PC era. But Windows still powers 90 percent of the installed
basis of desktop computers (even if half of those are still creaking along with
Windows 7).
37
Office remains the world’s default productivity suite, and
professional products such as SQL Server and Visual Studio are ubiquitous.
If it hadn’t so badly failed with its Windows Phone, Microsoft would most
likely already be the Fifth Horseman and perhaps still the most powerful
company on earth. If it can manage to grow LinkedIn without crushing it in
its embrace, Microsoft may still have a chance.
In addition, it has found elusive growth with its cloud offering, Azure.
This, coupled with a youthful new CEO, has breathed new life into the
Microsoft story. It is no longer the accelerant it used to be, but its focus on
the enterprise (vs. consumer for the Four) gives it a marketplace that hasn’t
seen the same level of innovation or competition as consumer tech.
And its other (growth) story? LinkedIn.
The professional counterpart to Facebook, LinkedIn has some important
and tangible advantages compared with its big social counterpart. Facebook
gets the bulk of its revenues from one source: advertising. By comparison,
LinkedIn has
three
distinct sources of revenues: it sells advertising on its site;
charges recruiters for upgraded access to candidates; and sells users premium
subscriptions with benefits for job hunting and business development. That’s
balance. These subscription revenue sources make LinkedIn unique not only
with respect to Facebook, but every other major social media player.
LinkedIn also faces an enviable competitive landscape—it has no true
competitor. There are niche sites for specific professions, and Facebook itself
represents potential competition, but
nobody
is offering anything like
LinkedIn’s broad coverage of employment and business networking. You
may trade off Facebook for Instagram, Instagram for WeChat, WeChat for
Twitter, etc. However, in the B2B world, you are posting your CV on one
platform, and that’s LinkedIn. You get pissed off at LinkedIn or you decide
it’s not cool, where do you go? Nowhere. LinkedIn stands alone; it’s one of
one right now, with no obvious new competition on the horizon.
LinkedIn Corporate Communications Team. “LinkedIn Announces Fourth Quarter and Full
Year 2015 Results.” LinkedIn.
LinkedIn, by the nature of its business, also has an enviable customer base.
More than 467 million people are on LinkedIn, and not just any 400
million.
38
Composed of savvy college grads looking to show off their
qualifications and business leaders from around the word—one out of every
three people have a LinkedIn profile.
39
So, to the question “Who’s on
LinkedIn?” the answer is “Anyone who matters.” There is a small sliver of
Baby Boomer CEOs who aren’t on LinkedIn because they are worried they’ll
be harassed by job-seekers, or they are still trying to figure out their Motorola
Razr phone. Other than them, the LinkedIn cohort is global and
encompassing. (By the way, the market for advertising in B2B is twice that of
B2C, so the addressable market for LinkedIn is greater than for all the B2C
social platforms.)
The trade-off facing LinkedIn, however, is that with focus comes limits.
LinkedIn is successful because it serves a relatively narrow market with a
relatively narrow set of services. Being the world’s directory for
professionals is a big business, but it can only be the beginning for a
company with aspirations of horseman status.
How LinkedIn builds on that platform is now up to Microsoft. The
potential for integration with Outlook and Microsoft’s other productivity apps
is compelling, not to mention Windows and Microsoft’s long-struggling
efforts in mobile. But those opportunities may also doom any ambitions
LinkedIn has to be a dominant force on its own, since its fortunes are now
going to be evaluated based on its ability to drive Microsoft’s bottom line.
And, for twenty years, that has meant maintaining the omnipresence of
Windows and Office at the expense of everything else.
So, the biggest challenge for LinkedIn to reach horseman status is that
while the firm checks all the boxes, it checks them in pencil, not ink. Its
product is good, but not as good as Facebook. It has access to visionary
capital, but not at the same low price as Amazon. And now it’s owned by a
company that is resurgent, but after more than a decade of decline. In sum,
LinkedIn is the Bruce Jenner of this analysis: a great athlete who did a lot of
things well … after all, Bruce won an Olympic gold medal for the decathlon,
and was on the box of the Wheaties I ate in elementary school (sorry, Caitlyn,
you’ll always be Bruce to me). But Jenner was never a gold medalist in any
of those individual sports. He was, to use an old phrase, “A Jack (now Jill) of
all trades, but master of none.”
Airbnb
It would be tempting to say Airbnb is the Uber for hotels, and move to the
next candidate. However, there are stark differences that illuminate Airbnb’s
competitive strength, relative to Uber, and how the T Algorithm can be used
to influence strategy and capital allocation.
While they both are global and enjoy access to cheap capital, their product
has substantially different variance. NYU Stern Professor of Management
Sonia Marciano (clearest blue-flame thinker in strategy today) believes the
key to establishing advantage is finding points of differentiation where there
is large, real or perceived, variance. If you’re a decathlete, the key is to find
the event with the greatest variance in performance and own it. Uber is a
great product, but I’d challenge you to identify (without knowing which ride-
sharing platform you booked through) the difference between Uber, Lyft,
Curb, and Didi Chuxing.
The category is a 10x improvement over cabs and black cars, but there is
an increasing sameness among ride-sharing players. This has likely been the
case for a while, but Uber’s CEO frat rock (that is, shit for brains) behavior
has prompted people to discover on their own that Lyft is the same thing. The
Airbnb platform takes on greater importance as an arbiter of trust, as there is
greater variance in the product—a houseboat in Marin vs. a townhouse in
South Kensington. United Airlines has more differentiation than Uber right
now, as they can drag someone off a plane (due to their fuck-up), but if you
need to get from San Francisco to Denver (United hubs), you’re going to
forgive, because that United flight is highly differentiated (only choice).
In addition, Airbnb has another moat regarding product. Specifically, the
liquidity of their product. Liquidity translates to having enough suppliers and
customers who can be matched to make the service viable. Both have
achieved this. However, the liquidity Airbnb has garnered is more impressive
and harder to replicate. Uber needs a mess of drivers and people looking for
rides to build a business in a city. Uber’s cash hoard gives them the ability to
ramp up a city, as can other ride-hailing firms with sufficient capital.
However, Airbnb needed to achieve a critical mass of supply in one city and
demand (awareness) in many others—people visit Amsterdam from all over
the world. There is competition for Uber in every major city, as a firm only
needs to establish liquidity in one market. Airbnb needed, and reached, scale
on a continental and then global level.
Airbnb’s and Uber’s valuations (at time of this writing) are $25 billion and
$70 billion, respectively. However, I believe Airbnb will surpass Uber’s
value by the end of 2018, and Uber will register the mother of all write-
downs as word spreads regarding their lack of product differentiation and
regional competitors take an awful income statement ($3 billion in losses on
$5 billion in revenues in 2016) and make it worse.
Airbnb is the most likely “sharing” unicorn to become the Fifth Horseman.
Their weakest point is their lack of vertical integration (they don’t own any
apartments), meaning Airbnb doesn’t have the same degree of control over
the customer experience as the Four. This warrants a hard look, by Airbnb
management, at allocating some of that cheap capital toward greater control
of the channel—long-term exclusives with properties and consistent
amenities (wireless, docking stations, local concierge in each metro, etc.).
IBM
Before Google, before Microsoft, before some of the readers of this book
were even born, there was one company that mattered in tech. Big Blue
was
technology, the de facto standard for Corporate America and, after joining
with Intel and Microsoft, the dominant firm of the first quarter century of
personal computers.
But IBM isn’t on this list for nostalgia purposes. Even as its revenues
continue the long, slow decline from their majestic heights (nineteen straight
quarters of declining revenues as of Q1 2017), the company still recorded $80
billion in revenue in 2016, and every year the mix shifts from legacy
computer
hardware
toward
high-margin
services
and
recurring
relationships.
40
IBM’s vaunted sales force can still get meetings with every
Fortune 500 CTO, and the company is a serious player in the race to get
corporate America into the cloud. IBM has a new, more handsome lead
character in their story: Watson. The firm is global and (arguably) vertical.
However, the movement up the food chain to services puts them in a business
that trades at a multiple of EBITDA vs. revenues, limiting access to cheap
capital, and they are seen as a safe place to get a job vs. inspiring. The kids at
IBM are the ones who got second-round interviews at Google, but didn’t get
an offer. IBM is no longer seen as the career accelerant it once was.
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