A course of modern english lexicology

7. CHIASMUS (REVERSED PARALLELISM)

Chiasmus is a variant of parallel construction. It is a verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first with the parts reversed. It consists of two similarly built sentences, but the word order of the first sentence is inverted in the second sentence.

Chiasmus I know what I like and I like what I know. Pleasure is a sin, and sometimes sin is a pleasure. "Mankind must put an end to war or war will put an end to mankind." (John F. Kennedy)

8. REPETITION

Repetition is a major rhetorical strategy for producing emphasis, clarity, amplification, or emotional effect. Repetition is often found in oral colloquial speech when the speaker is overcome with strong emotions. As a stylistic device the writer can use it to draw the reader’s attention to something important.
Repetition can be of different types:
• Anaphora – repetition of the initial parts of successive units.
• Epiphora – repetition of final parts of successive units
• Anadiplosis (catch-repetition) – repetition of the final part of the first sentence at the beginning of the second sentence.
• Chain repetition – development of catch repetition. Each subsequently repeated word is higher and stronger in the degree of quality and emotional colouring.
• Framing (ring-repetition) – repetition of the initial part of the sentence at the end.
• Extended repetition – repetition of a word with words modifying it.

Anaphora My heart’s in the Highland, my heart is not here, My heart’s in the Highlands, a-chasing a deer… (Burns) Epiphora I wake up, and I’m alone, I walk around Warley, and I’m alone, I talk with people, and I’m alone.