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Proletarian Questionnaire, other items of which were so instrumental in crushing the Russian
nobility, clergy, intellectuals and all the rest of the “former people” since the 1920s.
“Although the highest echelon of the Jewish political elite suffered from administrative
perturbations, surprisingly it was not as bad as it seemed,” concludes G. V. Kostyrchenko. “The
main blow fell on the middle and the most numerous stratum of the Jewish élite, officials and
also journalists, professors and other members of the creative intelligentsia. … It was these, so to
say, nominal Jews — the individuals with nearly complete lack of ethnic ties — who suffered the
brunt of the cleansing of bureaucracies after the war.”
However, speaking of scientific cadres, the statistics are these: at the end of the 1920s
there were 13.6 percent Jews among scientific researchers in the country, in 1937 — 17.5
percent, and by 1950 their proportion slightly decreased to 15.4 percent (25,125 Jews among
162,508 Soviet researchers). S. Margolina, looking back from the end of the 1980s concludes
that, despite the scale of the campaign, after the war, “the number of highly educated Jews in
high positions always remained disproportionally high.” But, in contrast with the former times of
happiness, it certainly had decreased. A.M. Kheifetz recalls a memoir article of a member of the
Academy, Budker, one of the fathers of the Soviet A-bomb where he described how they were
building the first Soviet A-bomb — being exhausted from the lack of sleep and fainting from
stress and overwork — and it is precisely those days of persecution of “cosmopolitans” that were
the most inspired and the happiest in his life .
In 1949 among Stalin Prize laureates no less than 13 percent were Jews, just like in the
previous years. By 1952 there were only 6 percent. Data on the number of Jewish students in
USSR were not published for nearly a quarter of century, from the pre-war years until 1963. We
will examine those in the next chapter.
The genuine Jewish culture that had been slowly reviving after the war was curtailed and
suppressed in 1948-1951. Jewish theatres were no longer subsidized and the few remaining ones
were closed, along with book publishing houses, newspapers and bookstores. In 1949, the
international radio broadcasting in Yiddish was also discontinued.
In the military, by 1953 almost all Jewish generals and approximately 300 colonels and
lieutenant colonels were forced to resign from their positions.
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