The “Doctors’ Plot”
At the same time, since summer of 1951, the development of the Doctors’ Plot was
gaining momentum. The case included the accusation of prominent physicians, doctors to the
Soviet leadership, for the criminal treatment of state leaders. For the secret services such an
accusation was nothing new, as similar accusations had been made against Professor D. D.
Pletnev and physicians L. G. Levin and I. N. Kazakov already during the Bukharin trial in 1937.
At that time, the gullible Soviet public gasped at such utterly evil plots. No one had any qualms
about repeating the same old scenario.
Now we know much more about the Doctors’ Plot. Initially it was not entirely an anti-
Jewish action; the prosecution list contained the names of several prominent Russian physicians
as well. In essence, the affair was fueled by Stalin’s generally psychotic state of mind, with his
fear of plots and mistrust of the doctors, especially as his health deteriorated. By September 1952
prominent doctors were arrested in groups. Investigations unfolded with cruel beatings of
suspects and wild accusations; slowly it turned into a version of a spying-terroristic plot
connected with foreign intelligence organizations—“American hirelings,” “saboteurs in white
coats,” “bourgeois nationalism” — all indicating that it was primary aimed at Jews.
Robert Conquest in The Great Terror follows this particular tragic line of involvement of
highly placed doctors. In 1935, the false death certificate of Kuibyshev was signed by doctors G.
Kaminsky, I. Khodorovsky, and L. Levin. In 1937 they signed a similarly false death certificate
of Ordzhonikidze. They knew so many deadly secrets — could they expect anything but their
own death?
Conquest writes that Dr. Levin had cooperated with the Cheka since 1920. “Working
with Dzerzhinsky, Menzhinsky, and Yagoda, he was trusted by the head of such an organization.
It is factually correct to consider Levin a member of Yagoda’s circle in the NKVD.” Further, we
read something sententious: “Among those outstanding doctors who in 1937 moved against
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[Professor of Medicine] Pletnev and who had signed fierce accusative resolutions against him,
we find the names of M. Vovsi, B. Kogan and V. Zelenin, who in their turn were subjected to
torture by the MGB in 1952-53 in connection with the ‘case of doctor-saboteurs,’ as well as two
other doctors, N. Shereshevky and V. Vinogradov who provided a pre-specified death certificate
of Menzhinsky.”
On January 3, 1953 Pravda and Izvestia published an announcement by TASS about the
arrest of a group of doctor-saboteurs. The accusation sounded like a grave threat for Soviet
Jewry. At the same time, by a degrading Soviet custom, prominent Soviet Jews were forced to
sign a letter to Pravda with the most severe condemnation of the wiles of the Jewish bourgeois
nationalists and their approval of Stalin’s government. Several dozen signed the letter. (Among
them were Mikhail Romm, D. Oistrakh, S. Marshak, L. Landau, B. Grossman, E. Gilels, I.
Dunayevsky and others. Initially Ehrenburg did not sign it — he found the courage to write a
letter to Stalin: “to ask your advice.” His resourcefulness was unsurpassed indeed. To Ehrenburg,
it was clear that “there is no such thing as the Jewish nation” and that assimilation is the only
way and that Jewish nationalism “inevitably leads to betrayal.” Yet the letter that was offered to
him to sign could be invidiously inferred by the “enemies of our country.” He concluded that “I
myself cannot resolve these questions,” but if “leading comrades will let me know that my
signature is desired and useful for protecting our homeland and for peace in the world, I will sign
it immediately.”
The draft of that statement of loyalty was painstakingly prepared in the administration of
the Central Committee and eventually its style became softer and more respectful. However, this
letter never appeared in the press. Possibly because of the international outrage, the Doctors’ Plot
apparently began to slow down in the last days of Stalin. After the public announcement, the
Doctors’ Plot created a huge wave of repression of Jewish physicians all over the country. In
many cities and towns, the offices of State Security began fabricating criminal cases against
Jewish doctors. They were afraid to even go to work, and their patients were afraid to be treated
by them.
After the “cosmopolitan” campaign, the menacing growl of “people’s anger” in reaction
to the Doctors’ Plot utterly terrified many Soviet Jews, and a rumor arose (and then got rooted in
the popular mind) that Stalin was planning a mass eviction of Jews to the remote parts of Siberia
and North — a fear reinforced by the examples of postwar deportation of entire peoples. In his
latest work G. Kostyrchenko, a historian and a scrupulous researcher of Stalin’s Jewish policies,
very thoroughly refutes this myth of deportation, proving that it had never been confirmed, either
then or subsequently by any facts, and even in principle such a deportation would not have been
possible.
But it is amazing how bewildered were those circles of Soviet Jews, who were
unfailingly loyal to the Soviet-Communist ideology. Many years later, S. K. told me: “There is
no single action in my life that I am as ashamed of as my belief in the genuineness of the
Doctors’ Plot of 1953! — that they, perhaps involuntarily, were involved a foreign
conspiracy…”
An article from the 1960s states that “in spite of a pronounced anti-Semitism of Stalin’s
rule many Jews prayed that Stalin stayed alive, as they knew through experience that any period
of weak power means a slaughter of Jews. We were well aware of the quite rowdy mood of the
fraternal nations toward us.”
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On February 9th a bomb exploded at the Soviet embassy in Tel Aviv. On February 11,
1953 the USSR broke off diplomatic relations with Israel. The conflict surrounding the Doctors’
Plot intensified due to these events.
And then Stalin went wrong, and not for the first time, right? He did not understand how
the thickening of the plot could threaten him personally, even within the secure quarters of his
inaccessible political Olympus. The explosion of international anger coincided with the rapid
action of internal forces, which may possibly have done away with Stalin. It could have
happened through Beria (for example, according to Avtorhanov’s version.)
After a public communiqué about the Doctors’ Plot Stalin lived only 51 days. The release
from custody and the acquittal of the doctors without trial were perceived by the older generation
of Soviet Jews as a repetition of the Purim miracle: Stalin had perished on the day of Purim,
when Esther saved the Jews of Persia from Haman.
On April 3 all the surviving accused in the Doctors’ Plot were released. It was publicly
announced the next day.
And yet again it was the Jews who pushed frozen history forward.
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