Sotsialistichesky Vestnik wrote that “Jewish national feelings (which were exacerbated
during the war) overreacted to the numerous manifestations of anti-Semitism and to the even
more common indifference to anti-Semitism.”
This motif is so typical — almost as much as anti-Semitism itself, the indifference to
anti-Semitism was likely to cause outrage. Yes, preoccupied by their own miseries, people and
nations often lose compassion for the troubles of others. And the Jews are not an exception here.
A modern author justly notes: “I hope that I, as a Jew who found her roots and place in Israel,
would not be accused of apostasy if I point out that in the years of our terrible disasters, the
Jewish intellectuals did not raise their voices in defense of the deported nations of Crimea and
the Caucasus.”
After the liberation of Crimea by the Red Army in 1943, talks started among circles of
the Jewish élite in Moscow about a rebirth of the Crimean project of 1920s, i.e., about resettling
Jews in Crimea. The Soviet government did not discourage these aspirations, hoping that
American Jews would be more generous in their donations for the Red Army. It is quite possible
that Mikhoels and Feffer [heads of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, EAK], based on a verbal
agreement with Molotov, negotiated with American Zionists about financial support of the
project for Jewish relocation to Crimea during their triumphal tour of the USA in summer of
1943. The idea of a Crimean Jewish Republic was also backed by Lozovsky, the then-powerful
Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs .
The EAK had yet another project for a Jewish Republic—to establish it in the place of the
former Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (where, as we have seen in
previous chapters, Jewish settlements were established in the wake of the exile of the Germans).
Ester Markish, widow of EAK member Perets Markish, confirms that he presented a letter
concerning transferring the former German Republic to the Jews.
In the Politburo, Molotov, Kaganovich and Voroshilov were the most positively disposed
to the EAK. And, according to rumors, some members of the Politburo were inclined to support
this Crimean idea. On February 15, 1944, Stalin was forwarded a memorandum about that plan
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which was signed by Mikhoels, Feffer and Epshtein. (According to P. Sudoplatov, although the
decision to expel the Tatars from Crimea had been made by Stalin earlier, the order to carry it
out reached Beria on February 14, so the memorandum was quite timely.
That was the high point of Jewish hopes. G. V. Kostirenko, a researcher of this period,
writes: the leaders of the EAK plunged into euphoria. They imagined (especially after Mikhoels’
and Feffer’s trip to the West) that with the necessary pressure, they could influence and steer
their government’s policy in the interests of the Soviet Jews, just like the American Jewish élite
does it.
But Stalin did not approve the Crimean project. It did not appeal to him because of the
strategic importance of the Crimea. The Soviet leaders expected a war with America and
probably thought that in such case the entire Jewish population of Crimea would sympathize
with the enemy. It is reported that at the beginning of the 1950s some Jews were arrested and
told by their MGB [Ministry for State Security, a predecessor of KGB] investigators: “You are
not going to stand against America, are you? So you are our enemies.” Khrushchev shared those
doubts, and ten years later he stated to a delegation of the Canadian Communist Party that was
expressing particular interest in the Jewish question in the USSR: “Crimea should not be a center
of Jewish colonization, because in case of war it will become the enemy’s bridgehead.” Indeed,
the petitions about Jewish settlement in Crimea were very soon used as a proof of “state treason”
on the part of the members of the EAK.
By the end of WWII the authorities again revived the idea of Jewish resettlement in
Birobidzhan, particularly Ukrainian Jews. From 1946 to 1947 several organized echelons and a
number of independent families were sent there, totaling up to 5-6 thousand persons. However,
quite a few returned disillusioned. This relocation movement withered by 1948.
Later, with a general turn of Stalin’s politics, arrests among the few Birobidjan Jewish
activists started. (They were accused of artificial inculcation of Jewish culture into the non-
Jewish population and of course, espionage and of having planned Birobidzhan’s secession in
order to ally with Japan). This was the de facto end of the history of Jewish colonization in
Birobidzhan. At the end of the 1920s there were plans to re-settle 60,000 Jews there by the end
of the first five-year planning period. By 1959 there were only 14,000 Jews in Birobidzhan, less
than 9 percent of the population of the region.
However, in Ukraine the situation had markedly changed in favor of Jews. The
government was engaged in the fierce struggle with Bandera’s separatist fighters and no longer
catered to the national feelings of Ukrainians. At the end of 1946, the Communist Party started a
covert campaign against anti-Semitism, gradually conditioning the population to the presence of
Jews among authorities in different spheres of the national economy. At the same time, in the
beginning of 1947, Kaganovich took over for Khrushchev as the official leader of Ukrainian
Communist Party. The Jews were promoted in the party as well, of which a particular example
was the appointment of a Jew as Secretary of Zhitomir Obkom.
However, the attitudes of many Jews towards this government and its new policies were
justifiably cautious. Soon after the end of the war, when the former Polish citizens began
returning to Poland, many non-Polish Jews hastily seized this opportunity and relocated there.
(What happened after that in Poland is yet another story: a great overrepresentation of
Jews occurred in the post-war puppet Polish government, among managerial elites and in the
Polish KGB, which would again result in miserable consequences for the Jews of Poland. After
the war, other countries of Eastern Europe saw similar conflicts: the Jews had played a huge role
in economic life of all these countries, and though they lost their possessions under Hitler, after
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the war when the restitution laws were introduced they affected very large numbers of new
owners. Upon their return Jews demanded the restoration of their property and enterprises that
were not nationalized by Communists and this created a new wave of hostility towards them.)
Meanwhile, during these very years the biggest event in world Jewish history was
happening — the state of Israel was coming into existence. In 1946-47, when the Zionists were
at odds with Britain Stalin, perhaps out of anti-British calculation and or opportunistically hoping
to get a foothold there, took the side of the former. During all of 1947 Stalin, acting through
Gromyko in the UN, actively supported the idea of the creation of an independent Jewish state in
Palestine and supplied the Zionists with a critical supply of Czechoslovak-made weapons. In
May 1948, only two days after the Israeli declaration of nationhood, the USSR officially
recognized that country and condemned hostile actions of Arabs.
However, Stalin miscalculated to what extent this support would reinvigorate the national
spirit of Soviet Jews. Some of them implored the EAK to organize a fundraiser for the Israeli
military, others wished to enlist as volunteers, while still others wanted to form a special Jewish
military division.
Amid this burgeoning enthusiasm, Golda Meir arrived in Moscow in September of 1948
as the first ambassador of Israel and was met with unprecedented joy in Moscow’s synagogues
and by Moscow’s Jewish population in general. Immediately, as the national spirit of Soviet
Jews rose and grew tremendously because of the Catastrophe, many of them began applying for
relocation to Israel. Apparently, Stalin had expected that. Yet it turned out that many of his
citizens wished to run away en masse into, by all accounts, the pro-Western State of Israel. There
the influence and prestige of the United States grew, while the USSR was at the same time losing
support of Arab countries. (Nevertheless, the cooling of relations with Israel was mutual. Israel
more and more often turned towards American Jewry which became its main support.)
Probably because he was frightened by such a schism in the Jewish national feelings,
Stalin drastically changed policies regarding Jews from the end of 1948 and for the rest of his
remaining years. He began acting in his typical style — quietly but with determination, he struck
to the core, but with only tiny movements visible on the surface.
Nevertheless, while the visible tiny ripples hardly mattered, Jewish leaders had many
reasons to be concerned, as they felt the fear hanging in the air. The then editor of the Polish-
Jewish newspaper Folkshtimme, Girsh Smolyar, recalled the panic that seized Soviet communist
Jews after the war. Emmanuel Kazakevitch and other Jewish writers were distressed. Smolyar
had seen on Ehrenburg’s table “a mountain of letters — literally a scream of pain about current
anti-Jewish attitudes throughout the country.”
Yet Ehrenburg knew his job very well and carried it out. (As became known much later,
it was exactly then that the pre-publication copy of the Black Book compiled by I. Ehrenburg and
B. Grossman, which described the mass killings and suffering of the Soviet Jews during the
Soviet-German war, was destroyed.) In addition, on September 21, 1948, as a counterbalance to
Golda Meir’s triumphal arrival, Pravda published a large article commissioned by Ehrenburg
which stated that the Jews are not a nation at all and that they are doomed to assimilate. This
article created dismay not only among Soviet Jews, but also in America. With the start of the
Cold War, the discrimination against the Jews in the Soviet Union became one of the main anti-
Soviet trump cards of the West. As was the inclination in the West towards various ethnic
separatist movements in the USSR, a sympathy that had never previously gained support among
Soviet Jews.
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However, the EAK, which had been created to address war-time issues, continued
gaining influence. By that time it listed approximately 70 members, had its own administrative
apparatus, a newspaper and a publishing house. It functioned as a kind of spiritual and physical
agent of all Soviet Jews before the CK (Central Committee) of the VKPb (all-Russian
Communist Party of Bolsheviks), as well as before the West. EAK executives were allowed to
do and to have a lot — a decent salary, an opportunity to publish and collect royalties abroad, to
receive and to redistribute gifts from abroad and, finally, to travel abroad. EAK became the
crystallization center of an initially elitist and upper-echelon and then of a broadly growing
Jewish national movement, a burgeoning symbol of Jewish national autonomy. For Stalin, the
EAK become a problem which had to be dealt with.
He started with the most important figure, the Head of the Soviet Information Bureau
(Sovinformburo), Lozovsky, who, according to Feffer (who was vice-chairman of EAK since
July 1945), was the spiritual leader of the EAK and knew all about its activities and was its head
for all practical purposes. In the summer of 1946, a special auditing commission from Agitprop
of the CK [of the VKPb] inspected Sovinformburo and found that “the apparatus is polluted …
there is an intolerable concentration of Jews.” Lozovsky was ejected from his post of Assistant
Minister of Foreign Affairs (just as Litvinov and Maisky had been) and in summer of 1947 he
also lost his post as of Head of the Sovinformburo.
After that, the fate of the EAK was sealed. In September of 1946, the auditing
commission from the Central Committee concluded that the EAK “instead of leading a rigorous
offensive ideological war against the Western and above all Zionist propaganda supports the
position of bourgeois Zionists and the Bund and in reality it fights for the reactionary idea of a
united Jewish nation.” In 1947, the Central Committee stated, that “the work among the Jewish
population of the Soviet Union is not a responsibility” of the EAK. The EAK’s job was to focus
on the “decisive struggle against aggression by international reactionaries and their Zionist
agents.” However, these events coincided with the pro-Israel stance of the USSR and the EAK
was not dissolved.
On the other hand, EAK Chairman Mikhoels, who was the informal leader of Soviet
Jewry, had to shed his illusions about the possibility of influencing the Kremlin’s national policy
via influencing the Dictator’s relatives. Here, the suspicion fell mostly on Stalin’s son—in-law
Grigory Morozov. However, the most active help to the EAK was provided by Molotov’s wife,
P.S. Zhemchyzhina, who was arrested in the beginning of 1949, and Voroshilov’s wife,
Ekaterina Davidovna (Golda Gorbman), a fanatic Bolshevik, who had been expelled from the
synagogue in her youth.
Abakumov reported that Mikhoels was suspected of gathering private information about
the Leader. Overall, according to the MGB he “demonstrated excessive interest in the private life
of the Head of the Soviet Government,” while leaders of the EAK gathered materials about the
personal life of J. Stalin and his family at the behest of U.S. Intelligence. However, Stalin could
not risk an open trial of the tremendously influential Mikhoels, so Mikhoels was murdered in
January 1948 under the guise of an accident. Soviet Jewry was shocked and terrified by the
demise of their spiritual leader.
The EAK was gradually dismantled after that. By the end of 1948 its premises were
locked up, all documents were taken to Lubyanka, and its newspaper and the publishing house
were closed. Feffer and Zuskin, the key EAK figures, were secretly arrested soon afterwards and
these arrests were denied for a long time. In January 1949 Lozovsky was arrested, followed by
the arrests of a number of other notable members of the EAK in February. They were intensively
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interrogated during 1949, but in 1950 the investigation stalled. All this coincided in accord with
Stalin’s understanding of balance with the annihilation of the Russian nationalist tendencies in
the leadership of the Leningrad government — the so-called “anti-party group of Kuznetsov-
Rodionov-Popkov,” but those developments, their repression and the significance of those events
were largely overlooked by historians even though about two thousand party functionaries were
arrested and subsequently executed in 1950 in connection with the Leningrad Affair.
In January 1948, Stalin ordered Jews to be pushed out of Soviet culture. In his usual
subtle and devious manner, the order came through a prominent editorial in Pravda, seemingly
dealing with a petty issue, about one anti-Party group of theatrical critics. A more assertive
article in Kultura i Zhizn followed on the next day. The key point was the decoding of the
Russian pen-names of Jewish celebrities. “In the USSR many Jews camouflage their Jewish
origins with such artifice, so that it is impossible to figure out their real names,” explains the
editor of a modern Jewish journal.
This article in Pravda had a long but obscure pre-history. In a 1946 report of the Central
Committee it was already noted that out of twenty-eight highly publicized theatrical critics, only
six were Russians. It implied that the majority of the rest were Jews. Smelling trouble, but still
supposing themselves to be vested with the highest trust of the Party, some theatrical critics,
confident of victory, openly confronted Fadeev in November 1946. Fadeev was the all-powerful
Head of the Union of Soviet Writers and Stalin’s favorite. And so they suffered a defeat. Then
the case stalled for a long time and only resurfaced in 1949.
The campaign rolled on through the newspapers and party meetings. G. Aronson,
researching Jewish life in Stalin’s era writes: “The goal of this campaign was to displace Jewish
intellectuals from all niches of Soviet life. Informers were gloatingly revealing their pen-names.
It turned out that E. Kholodov is actually Meyerovich, Jakovlev is Kholtsman, Melnikov is
Millman, Jasny is Finkelstein, Vickorov is Zlochevsky, Svetov is Sheidman and so on.
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