The Progress to Modern Education
A strong movement of Jews toward modern education began in Prussia with the second
half of the 18th century. This became known as the Haskalah (Enlightenment). It was a
movement of intellectual awakening, the desire to ingest a European education and raise the
prestige of the Jews, humiliated in the eyes of other nations. At the critical study of the historical
past of the Jews, Haskalah figures. Maskilim (“enlightened ones”) wished to combine Jewish
culture harmoniously with the European knowledge. Initially, they intended to stay in traditional
Judaism, but, fascinated, began to sacrifice the Jewish tradition and became inclined to
assimilate, while showing contempt for the national language, i.e. Yiddish. In Prussia, the
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movement lasted only one generation, but quickly moved to the Slavic provinces of the Austrian
Empire, Bohemia and Galicia. In Galicia the champions of the Haskalah, with even greater
assimilation bias, were ready to enforce a lot of Jewish education, and even often resorted to the
help of the authorities for this. The border of Galicia with the western provinces of Russia leaked
people and influences. With a delay of almost a century this movement penetrated into Russia.
In Russia, since the beginning of the 19th century, the government strove for the Jews to
overcome isolation outside of religion and worship. A Jewish author confirmed that the
government in no way violated the religion of the Jews or their religious life. “We have already
seen the position of 1804 swing open without restrictions and without reservation all the way for
Jewish children in schools, high schools and universities. But the Jewish ruling class intended to
destroy cultural and educational reform in the bud and bent to this effort. The Kahal exerted
strenuous efforts to extinguish the slightest glimmer of enlightenment. In order to preserve the
integrity of the established-from-time-immemorial religious and social life and rabbinism,
Hasidism equally radically trampled the young shoots of secular education.
And now the Jewish masses looked with horror and suspicion on the Russian school, not
wanting to hear about it. In 1817 and then in 1821 there were cases in different provinces when
Kahals would not allow Jewish children to be taught the Russian language in any common
schools. Jewish deputies in St. Petersburg insisted that they “do not consider it necessary to the
establishment of such Jewish schools,” where no languages would be taught except Hebrew.
They recognized only cheder (elementary school in Hebrew) and yeshiva (to increase and deepen
knowledge of the Talmud); there was a yeshiva in almost every major community. Jewish
masses in Russia were in a state of suspended animation from which they could not escape,
despite the effort of enlightened educators.
First there was Isaac Ber Levinsohn, a scientist who lived in Galicia, where he was in
contact with the leaders of the Haskalah, and who worked with the rabbinate and also the
perpetrators of many Hasidic troubles. Based on the Talmud and rabbinic literature, he argued in
his book Instructions to Israel that the Jew must not be denied the knowledge of heretofore
forbidden languages, especially the language of the state where they live, so necessary in his
personal and public life; that familiarity with the secular sciences did not endanger religious and
national sentiment. Levinsohn taught that the predominance of commercial activities is contrary
to the Torah and mind, and it is necessary to develop productive work. But for the publication of
the book, Levinson had to use a grant from the Ministry of Education. He was convinced that
cultural reform in Judaism cannot be realized without the support of the highest authorities.
The Warsaw teacher Gezeanovsky on the contrary did not rely on the Talmud, and
strongly opposed it, attributing to the kagalom rabbinate the “spiritual congestion in which
people lived petrified,” and that only “the after depreciation of their [the rabbis’] power may be
the secular school be introduced.” Melamedov (Orthodox teachers) check and prevent the
teaching of pedagogically useful and moral knowledge; the Kahal had to the eliminated from
financial management of the community and the allowable age for marriage had to be raised.
Even earlier, both of them already mentioned Giller Markevitch in a memorandum to the
Minister of Finance, who wrote that “for the salvation of the Jewish people from spiritual and
economic decline, Kahals must be destroyed. Non-Jewish languages should be taught to organize
their factory labor, and allow trade freely across the country and use the services of Christians.”
And later, in the 30s, it is largely the same, repeated by Chernigov merchant Litman
Feigin and repeated more forcefully, through Benkendorf and Nicholas I Feigin was supported in
bureaucratic circles. He defended the Talmud, but attacked the Melamed, claiming that they were
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“past ignorant” ... [they] teach theology based on fanaticism” and “inspire children contempt for
other sciences, as well as hatred of the infidels.” He, too, thought it necessary to abolish Kahals.
(Hesse, serial enemy of the Kahal system expresses that Kahal despotism was the “dumb anger”
in the Jewish people. )
However, longer in coming was any practical way to force through secular eduation in a
Jewish environment. The only exception was Vilna, under the influence of relations with
Germany, and a group of maskilim in Odessa, young capital of New Russia, with many Jewish
immigrants from Galicia (porous borders), but inhabited by ethnic diversity and full trade
movement. Here the Kahal felt strong and intellectuals, on the contrary, felt independent and
culturally merged with the surrounding population, including in their clothing and appearance.
Even though most Odessa Jews resisted the establishment of schools of general education, the
efforts of the local administration in the 30s and in Odessa and Chisinau achieved some success
in secularizing Jewish education in those areas.
Throughout the 19th century, the development of Russian Jewry had historic
consequences for Russia and for all humanity in the 20th century. Through concentration of the
will, Jewry was able to break out of still-dangerous conditions achieve a lively and varied life.
By the middle of the 19th century the revival and flowering of Russian Jewry tood out visibly.
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