The Jews and the Napoleonic Invasion
During the 1812 invasion, in some locations the Jews were the only residents who did not
flee the French army into the woods or elsewhere. These Jews refused to join Napoleon’s army
as soldiers but supplied the French troops with forage and provisions unquestioningly. In other
areas Jewish merchants assisted the Russian military through allowing them to use “Jewish
mail,” a private network of couriers and postal stations in taverns that transmitted information
with unprecedented speed. Individual Jews were sometimes used as couriers for communication
between the units of the Russian army since they could pass through French-held territory more
easily than military riders. When the Russian army returned after beating back the French, most
of the Jews made a great show of enthusiastically welcoming the Russian troops, giving them
bread and wine. Even the future Nicholas I wrote in his diary: “It is surprising that in 1812 they
[the Jews] were perfectly true, and even helped where they could, with danger to their own life.”
With the cession to Russia after 1814 of central Poland, the empire acquired more than
400,000 more Jews, and the Jewish problem for the Russian government worsened accordingly.
In 1816 the Council of State of the Kingdom of Poland, which still existed, decided to begin the
expulsion of Jews from the villages, allowing Jews to remain only for direct agricultural work
without the help of Christians. But the Warsaw kahal appealed immediately the Russian
Emperor, and Alexander released Jews who had been put to manual labor and confirmed the
right of the Jews to engage in commerce and to trade in vodka.
However, in the Senate Rules of 1818 Jewish leasers and liquor sellers were again
excoriated. The Jews were accused of forcing Russian peasants into lifelong debt, keeping the
peasants drunk and poor, taking their cattle and tools in exchange for liquor, etc. During those
years the future Decembrist Pestel served in the Russian army in the western provinces, i.e.
Poland. Certainly no defender of autocracy and an ardent Republican, Pestel wrote some of his
observations about the Jews he studied:
“Waiting for the Messiah, the Jews consider themselves temporary townsfolk where they
are, and therefore do not want to engage in agriculture or artisanship and are for the most part
engaged in selling merchandise … Jewish clerics called rabbis contain their people in isolation
by forbidding in the name of faith ever reading any books but the Talmud ... People who will not
seek enlightenment will always remain under the power of prejudice … The dependence on
Jewish rabbis is so ingrained that every order is executed faithfully and unquestioningly. The
close relationship between Jews gives them the means to accumulate large sums of money ... for
their common needs, particularly for the corruption of various rulers to covetousness and to all
kinds of abuse. For them, the Jews are useful. They easily become sovereign in those provinces
where they have their residence. All trade is in their hands and there is little that peasants who
have no means of paying their debts can do. The former government [that of Catherine] gave
them many different rights and benefits, reinforcing the evil that they do, such as the right not to
give recruits [to the army], the right not to declare the dead, the right to sue each other in their
own rabbinical courts, and moreover, they enjoy all of the same rights as Christian nations…they
constitute a special and completely separate state and the fact is that in Russia today, they have
more rights than Christians themselves. This state of affairs cannot continue, as it condones the
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hostile attitude of the Jews to the Christians and put them into a position contrary to public order
in the country.”
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