1-variant 1The subject matters of Lexicology

4.Find a word-group structure of modeling V+N+V

to let somebody go

13-VARIANT

1.Archaisms and obsolete words

Words may drop out as a result of the disappearance of the actukal objects they denote. These words are called obsolete words. The disappearance of words may be caused as a result of influence of borrowings. Ex. the Scandinavian “take” and “die” ousted O. E. niman and sweldan. The French “army” and “plaxe” replaced the O. E. here and steps. Words which are not used generally are called archaisms. Archaisms are used in poetic vocabulary. Ex. Steed (horse), slay (kill), welkin (sky).

Archaisms should be distinguished from historical terms or historisms which denote historical reality and commonly used in modern English. Ex. cannon - ball, chain mail, lance, archer, baldric (belt for a sword). Speech also expresses the speakers attitude to what he is talking about. The speaker may wish to warn, to influence people, to express his approval or disapproval. Words expressing emotion are called emotionally coloured words. Deminutive and derogatory affixes play an important role in forming emotionally coloured words. Ex. daddy, kiddykins, babykins, oldie, blackie. In Karakalpak: àòàæàí, ñè4ëèì, 3ûçûì, áîòàëà3. Interjections also express emotion without naming them: Ah!, Hush!, Hell!, Nonsense!, Pooh; In Karakalpak: 7àé, àéíàíàéûí ýõ.

2.The subject matter of word formation

Wordformation is the creation of new words from the elements existing in the language. aevery language has its own structural patterns of wordformation. Words like “writer”, “worker”, “teacher”, “manager” and many others follow the structural pattern of wordformation “V+er”. Wordformation may be studied synchronically and diachronically. Synchronically we study those of wordformation which characerize the present-day English linguistic system, while diachronically we investigate the history of wordformation. The synchronic type of wordformation does not always coincide with the historical system of wordformation.