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Translation of technical and scientific texts. Lexical peculiarities of technical and scientific texts.
Modern technical and scientific texts are based on the norms of the modern written English language with certain specific characteristics as in lexics. For this style it is characteristics to use a large amount of scientific and technical terms. In terms we have precisely clear, concentrated and economic definition of the scientific and technical idea, such kind of texts are distinguished by a large amount of terms and words of not Anglo-Saxon origin as it was accepted to use the old Greek and Latin languages to describe some phenomena. That’s why there are very many words formed by using Greek or Latin stems with adding English affixes. As to the terms it’s very difficult to divide words into terms and words of everyday use. Simple words become terms when they have primary, main semantic load. For example: such simple words as water, earth, fire, liquid are the terms in the context where they have main technical value and such widely used words as electricity, atom, temperature are not terms in the texts where their technical or scientific meaning are on the second place. E.g.: The pump raises liquid to the surface 50 l/min. Every atom of his body trembled of expecting something fairy. Functional words (form words) are widely used to form logic connections between the separate parts of the utterance. They are prepositions and conjunctions as on, upon, in, after, before, besides, instead of, in preference to, apart (aside) from, except (for), in addition to, together with, owing to, due to, thanks to, according to, because of, by means of, in regard to, in this connection, for the purpose of, in order to, as a result.

1. 
   Grammar peculiarities of technical and scientific texts
   

The main forms of the sentences in this style are compound and complex sentences which causes wide use of compound preposition and conjunction and non-finite forms of the verb in the function of the object and adverbial modifier and appropriate infinitive, participial and gerundial construction. These constructions simplify the structure of the sentence, than verbs are very often used in the Passive construction as it is more important to give clear and exact description of some facts but not the personality of the author. Besides that it is accepted to use the 3d person instead of the 1^st person and impersonal and indefinite-personal constructions are widely used e.g.: It was decided, it is important, care must be taken. Also conversion is widely used, e.g. In Table 1 are listed the date obtained. The second characteristic peculiarity is direct address to the reader. In the Russian language it is more usual to use indefinite-finite forms and infinitive:

For ex. If we introduce an extra member e , it may be said that Fig.4 contains more members than are absolutely necessary for purposes of equilibrium Если ввести лишний элемент «е», то можно будет утверждать, что на рис 4 имеется больше элементов, чем необходимо для достижения равновесия. All direct instructions in the technical English texts are given in the Imperative Mood and translated by Russian infinitive or impersonal forms: Install three new belts over pulleys. Belts are tied in matched sets of three and must not be separated until ready for actual installations. Caution: Never install one new belt with two old belts except in an emergency; belts should be replaced in sets of three. Connect generator wires.
Поставить три новых ремня на шкиве. Ремни укомплектованы по три связанных ремня в комплекте. Развязать комплект разрешается только непосредственно перед монтажом. Предупреждение. Запрещается ставить один новый ремень с двумя старыми за исключением крайней необходимости. Замена всегда должна производиться комплектом из трех ремней. Подсоединить провода от генератора.

2. 
   The way of rendering of technical and scientific texts.
   

It should be noted that in technical and scientific texts it is usual to use maximally formal, logic, nearly mathematically strict rendering of the material. And such kind of rendering is called formal-logic rendering of the material. This formal logic rendering is the natural result of the language development. According to the great linguist V.V.Vinogradov’s terminology there are three important functions of the language as COMMUNICATION, INFORMATION AND IMPRESSION so scientific and technical literature haunts the task to inform readers. Everything that infringes this task makes information difficult to understand. There are some requirements raised to the translation and translators. It should be said that translation of technical texts is reached with other ways than the belles-lettres style. It’s considered that the translator of the fiction is an artist, but the translator if technical and scientific literature is a photographer. That means the translator must have not only the knowledge in two languages but some specific knowledge, must have scientific mode of thinking and logic categories, translator should provide the main task of the translation – clear and distinct information. To obtain this task translator should follow the subsequent items: a) translation should be distinct, i.e. a translator should transfer just the meaning of the original text; b) translation should be clear and distinct in spite of the original texts as there are different authors with different experience of writing articles and some of them can’t summarize his idea well enough.