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colorectal, liver, breast) types of cancers, lung cancer has continued to be the
most common cancer diagnosed in men and breast cancer is the most common
cancer diagnosed in women. Lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer and
stomach cancer accounted for two-fifths of the total cases of cancers diagnosed
worldwide. More than 70% of all cancer deaths occurred in low and middle-
income countries. Deaths due to cancer are projected
to continuously increase
and it has been estimated that there will be 11.5 million deaths in the year 2030
and 27 million new cancer cases and 17.5 million cancer deaths are projected to
occur in the world by 2050.
More than 30% of cancers are caused by modifiable behavioral and
environmental risk factors, including tobacco and alcohol use, dietary factors,
insufficient regular consumption of fruit and vegetable, overweight and obesity,
physical inactivity, chronic infections from Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B virus
(HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and some types
of human papilloma virus
(HPV), environmental and occupational risks including exposure to ionizing and
non ionizing radiation.
The cool temperate climate of Zaamin supports the growth of an enormous
number of plant species which are important sources of unique phytochemicals
having anticancer properties.
Currently, the most commonly use cancer chemotherapy includes mainly
alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, platinum analogs and
natural anticancer agents. However, due to the increasing
rate of mortality
associated with cancer and adverse or toxic side effects of cancer chemotherapy
and radiation therapy, discovery of new anticancer agents derived from nature,
especially plants, is currently under investigation. Screening of medicinal plants
as a source of anticancer agents was started in the 1950s, with the discovery and
development of vinca alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine and the isolation of
the cytotoxic podophyllotoxins.
In this article, selected medicinal plants grown in the cool climate of Zaamin
(mainly Zaamin State Reserve) are discussed.
The major bioactive
phytochemicals and their mechanisms of action are also reviewed.
There are more 1216 plants grow in Zaamin State Reserve. More of them
consist from medical plants, especially treatment for cancer, as
Plantago
lanceolata
(Plantaginaceae Family). It`s major bioactive compounds are
phenolics and flavonoids.
Flavonoids (specifically flavanoids such as the catechins) are «the most
common groupe of polyphenolic compounds in the human diet and found
ubiquitously in plants». Flavonols, the original bioflavonoids such as quercetin,
are also found ubiquitously, but in lesser quantities.
Over 5000 naturally occurring flavonoids have
been characterized from
various plants.
Flavonoids have been shown to have a wide range of biological and
pharmacological activities in vitro studies. Examples include anti-allergic, anti-
inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-mictobial, anti-cancer, anad anti-diarrheal
activities.
Clinic studies investigating the relationship between flavonoid consumption
and cancer prevention development are conflicting
for most types of cancer,
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probably because most studies are retrospective in design and use a small sample
size. Two apparent apparent exceptions are gastric carcinoma and smoking-
related cancers. Dietary flavonoid intake is associated with reduced gastric
carcinoma risk in women, and reduced aerodigestive tract cancer risk in smokers.
Plantago lanceolata is a species of genus Plantago
.
The plant is a rosette-
forming perennial herb, with leafless, silky, hairy flower stems (10–40 cm or 3.9–
15.7 in). The basal leaves are lanceolate spreading or erect, scarcely toothed with
3-5 strong parallel veins narrowed to short petiole. Grouping leaf stalk deeply
furrowed, ending in an ovoid inflorescence of many small flowers each with a
pointed bract. Each flower can produce up to two seeds. Flowers 4 mm (calyx
green, corolla brownish), 4 bent
back lobes with brown midribs, long white
stamens.
Conclusion, Zaamin State Reserve rich with medical plants, such as
anticancer plants. Plantago laceolata natural anticancer agent to cancer disease.
Next step will find new properties of Zaamin plants especially for cancer.
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