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TASK 2. Listen to these sentences and focus on the highlighted /t/ sounds. Write the number of the sentence in the table below according to what happens to the /t/ sound. (pr.in use unit 29. Ex. 29.2) Almost there. Have you passed your test? I asked her to leave. Just a bit. We must be nearly there. Tell us what you did. Most Europeans agree. I expect an answer soon. She stopped playing. Next year. I washed all my clothes. I can’t wait. I’ll have a soft drink. Just use your common sense. I’ve already dealt with it. My left ankle hurts
Lesson 16 Connected speech
Answer the questions: How do you pronounce these word combinations? What happens in their articulation? Why? Give your own examples Rule 1. When a word ends in /r/ sound next word begins with the vowel sound, the /r/ is pronounced in order to link the words. It is called linking /r/. Linking /r/ occurs between the words and word combinations. Later on for example far away Rule 2. When a word ends in a vowel next word begins with a vowel, in order to link these two vowel sounds we pronounce /r/ even there is not the letter r. The idea is media event sofa over But some native speakers of British English think that it is incorrect pronunciation. Rule 3: When diphthongs /iy/, /ey/, /ay/, or /ɔ/ is followed by another word beginning with a vowel, the two words are connected by a /y/glide: Be‿a sport Play‿a game Tie‿it up Employ‿a professional Rule 4: When diphthongs /uw/, /ow/, or /aw/ is followed by another word beginning with a vowel, the two words are connected by a /w/ glide. through‿it all slow‿and steady How‿are you? Rule 5: If the end of the first word and the beginning of the nest word is the same consonant, the consonant is lengthened in order not to pronounce the same consonants twice: Keep‿practicing less‿serious hot‿tea common‿names TASK 1. Pronounce the following words and word combination with linking /r/. Father-in-law daughter and son father and mother More important a matter of time a lecture on history A tour of Scotland sooner or later a number of things A pair of jeans the winner of the race a letter of complaint TASK 2. First match A's questions with B's answers in this conversation. Then look at the B parts and decide whether the links marked are /w/ links (write /w/) or /j/ links (write /j/). 1 A: Where are you going? B: By air. 2 A: When? B: Yes, I grew up there. 3 A: Why? B: Yes, a new umbrella. 4 A: Who is he? B: He asked me for one. S A: Have you got cousins there, too? B: Tomorrow afternoon. 6 A: How will you get there? B: I'll stay a week. 7 A: How long will it take? B: To Austria. /w/ 8 A: Have you been there before? B : No, they all live in France. 9 A: How long will you be there? B: It's too expensive. 10 A: Why don't you stay longer? B: To see Adam. 11 A: Will you take Adam a present? B: A few hours. 12 A: Why an umbrella? B: My uncle. Now listen and check your answers. Press 'pause' before each B part and read it aloud. Then press 'play' again and compare your pronunciation with what follows. (Pronunciation in Use Unit 26. Ex.26.1) TASK 3. Group the following words according to their features.
TASK 4. Pronounce the following words, word combinations and phrases. Explain the rules in their pronunciation. The artist the earliest enjoying Chewing staying allowing Very often too ugly only eight hours A new opera very interesting two empty boxes Lesson 17 Word stress in simple and compound words Lead in Match the stress patterns given in column A with the words in column B
TASK 1. Read these words and mark the stresses.
Now answer the following questions: What is stress? How do you mark the stresses? What types of stress do you know? Rule 1. Stress in English is the prominence of the syllable, word and word groups in the sentence. There are following types of word stress: word stress, sentence stress and logical stress. Word stress: in a word a syllable or two syllables can be pronounced stronger than others. City happy family Sentence stress: in a sentence a word or group of words can be pronounced stronger than others. In the English language nouns, verbs, adjective, adverbs, numeral are always stressed. Pronouns are not stressed except demontrative pronouns when they are in the function of subject they are stresse, but in the function of attribute they are not stressed. Modal verbs, auxiliary verbs are stressed at the beginning of the sentence. In verbal phrases the prepositions are stressed. I go to school with my friend every day in the morning. As to the force of word stress, there are distinguished two degrees of word stress: primary (strong) and secondary (weak) stress. A large group of polysyllabic words bear both the primary and the secondary stresses. There are several large groups of words in English with two primary stresses. TASK 2. Read the word. Find the syllables and decide which syllable is stressed.
TASK 3. Mark the stresses in these words, then comment on the stress position.
TASK 4. Write the words listed below in groups according to the accentual types indicated in the following table (divide them according to the stress position)
advertise, female, multiply, before, novel, police, celebrate, company, carriage, believe, compliment, problem, compensate, rewrite, paragraph, machine, ballet, recognize, command, specialist, comment, appreciate, academy, misprint. TASK 5. Put the following words into one of the two columns, according to their stress pattern. You will find that the stress pattern will vary according to what part of speech the word is a noun (n), verb (v) or adjective (adj). Then practice saying the words. event (n) recall (v) minute (n,adj) project (n) project (v) dispute (n,v) recall (n) reform (n,v) audit (n,v) cancel (v)
TASK 6. Complete the sentences. Choose words with the correct stress from the box. You do not need all the words. afternoon bicycle conversation delicious discussion exercises expensive holiday morning normally often Saturday seventeen seventy sixty Sunday Sweden Switzerland telephone today yesterday We had a oOo…………. meal on Ooo………….. We Ooo ……………go on Ooo………..by car but this time we are going to by Ooo…………… I did ten grammar Oooo…………….Ooo. Is Ooo…………….an oOo…………..country? My son’s ooO………..and my father’s Ooo…………. I had a long Ooo……………ooOo…………..this ooO. Listen and check your answers. Lesson 18 Word stress in compound words
Write the two-syllable words under the correct parts of speech.
TASK1. Read these words, mark the stresses in the following compound words Bookcase second hand mobile phone first class water bottle dish washer teapot hand made overnight apple-tree Christmas cake dining room
Among compound words we find compound nouns, adjectives, verbs. Word stress in compounds depends on the semantic weight of the elements. When the first element determines, restricts the second one or introduces some contrast it is stressed while the second element of the compound re- mains unstressed (though the stressed vowel of the second element retains its qualitative and quantitative prominence). Most English compound nouns have a strong stress on the first element. E.g.: 'book-case, 'note-book, 'raincoat, 'blackboard There are a few compound nouns with the primary stress on the second element. E.g.: man'kind, short'coming Although in most English compound nouns the first element is stressed, there are some compound nouns which have both a primary and a secondary stress, while some (very few) have two primary stresses: 'suit-case, 'apple-tree, 'blackboard 'hair-dresser, 'hair-cutter 'ice-'cream, 'arm-'chair, 'tea-'cup Compound verbs have both elements stressed as they are of equal se- mantic importance. E.g.: to 'turn 'on, to 'let smb. 'down, etc. Compound adjectives have generally two stresses, for both elements are equally important in them. E.g.: 'clean-'shaven, 'well-'bred, 'bare-'footed, 'first-'class Compound adjectives with only one stress on the first element occur when the second element is semantically weak. E.g.: 'spring-like, 'childlike, 'oval-shaped
'after'noon Nearly 'every after\noon. 'good-'natured The 'mother is ext' remely good-\natured
1. well educated ______________________________ 2. bathroom ______________________________ 3. inner city ______________________________ 4. sunglasses ______________________________ 5. first class ______________________________ 6. motor bike ______________________________ 7. earrings ______________________________ 8. credit card ______________________________ 9. play station ______________________________ 10. hand bag ______________________________
Rule: There are some exceptions in which we put the stress not only on the first part but on the second part too. If the first part of the compound word is an adjective: well educated, second hand There may be stress on the 2nd part of a compound noun if the object in the second part is made out of the material in the first: wooden table, glass jar The first part tells us where the second part is: car door, bath room, sun glasses If the compound word is not a noun: old- fashioned, overnight, half price and etc. TASK4. Do these compounds have main stress on their first part or their second part? Underline the syllable with the main stress. (Hint: Think about whether they are noun + noun compounds or adjective + noun compounds.) chemical formula coffee shop sofa bed bank account best man magnetic field American football mobile phone tea strainer artificial intelligence flight attendant space station
Listen and check you answers. TASK 5. Use the compounds in the box to answer the questions. Think carefully about where main stress is placed. boiling point civil war claim form defining moment dental floss distance learning greenhouse hot potato house-hunting ice rink lipstick loudspeaker orange juice pay phone rubber band search party shop assistant towel town hall voicemail
a system that records phone messages for you? (voicemail) a sheet of thick paper for drying your hands? battles between different groups of people living in the same country? a building made of glass used for growing plants? a level area of ice for people to skate on? a way of studying where you mainly study at home? a piece of equipment that sound comes out of? a problem that no-one wants to deal with? a legal document that you use to try to get compensation from an organization? the activity of looking for a house to live in? a building where the local government usually meets? a public telephone that you have to put money in to use? a point at which a situation clearly starts to change? a drink made from crushed oranges? a coloured substance that women put on their lips? the temperature at which liquid becomes a gas? a group of people who look for someone who is missing? someone who serves customers in a shop? thread used for cleaning between the teeth? a ring of rubber for holding things together? Lesson 19 Word stress in derived words
Answer the following questions: What is derived word? How is it formed? Where is the place of stress in derived words? TASK 1. What possible suffixes could you put on these words? Use your dictionary to help you. E.g.: confiden(t): confidence, confidently, confidential, confidentially Critic engine
intellect object
offic(e) oppos(e) politic(s) possib(le) pron(o)unce reliab(le) theor(y) univers(e Rule: In most English words of two syllables the stress falls on the first syllable. ready, husband, marriage In disyllabic words with a prefix which has lost its meaning the stress falls on the second syllable, i.e. on the root syllable. become, begin, pronounce, mistake, etc. In words of French origin borrowed into English in the 16th century, the stress is very often (but not always) after the French manner, i.e. on the final syllable. machine, police, regime In most English words of three syllables the stress usually falls on the first syllable (which is the third syllable from the end). family, cinema, colonist Although there are also words with the stress on the second syllable. remember, October, etc. In most words of four or more syllables the stress falls on the third syllable from the end. diplomacy, kilometre, etc. Although in some four-syllable words it falls on the first syllable from the beginning. University, socialism, etc. The stress on the third syllable from the end is especially typical of polysyllabic words with the suffixes: - ize, - fy, - ate. recognize, apologize, demonstrate, etc. NOTE: 1) In disyllabic verbs with the same suffixes the stress falls on the last syllable. e.g.: dictate, surprise, defy 2) There are some four-syllable verbs with the suffix - ize in which the stress falls on the first syllable. These verbs are mainly of recent origin. e.g.: characterize, regularize, hospitalize, etc. Thus, the position of stress in many English words is not only determined by the English tendency to stress the initial syllable, but in some derivative words is connected with the suffixes by means of which these words are formed. e.g.: social, organize, qualify, etc. There are suffixes which attract the primary stress on the syllable immediately preceding them. They are as follows: ion: opinion, occasion ical: comical, logical ious: malicious iar: familiar ity: stability ety: variety ual: conceptual ience: experience itive: infinitive ian: physician ial: prudential ecus: courageous iency: efficiency ient: expedient cient: efficient logy: psychology graphy: geography uous: continuous logist: biologist cracy: democracy Some suffixes attract the primary stress onto themselves. There is a secondary stress on the first syllable in words with such suffixes. These suffixes are as follows:
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