З. И. Вайнштейн Л. С. Плебейская

¹ the Basel Nomina Anatomica — Базельская анатомическая терминология CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

6. 
   Form the adjectives from the verbs by the suffix -ive:
   

connect, act, collect, relate, contract, protect.

6. 
   Translate into Russian paying attention to the meanings of the words in bold type:
   

1. I found an interesting article on eye operations in this journal. 2. The found article was written by the well-known eye doctor. 3. The group of scientists found their method on numerous experiments. 4. The researchers found out that infectious diseases were caused by different agents. 5. Robert Koch was the first scientist who found the agent of tuberculosis.

6. 
   Translate these sentences paying attention to the words 'which’, 'who’:
   

1. The new universal anatomical terms which are now used all over the world were established at the IV International Federal Congress of Anatomists in Paris in 1955. 2. The muscular fibers which are connected together by connective tissue and a mass of muscle cells compose the muscle.

3. 
   Prof. Smirnov who delivered the lecture on muscles introduced the new material on muscular motion and contraction.
   

6. 
   Substitute the Russian words in brackets for the English ones:
   

1. Two new subjects were (введены) in the second term. 2. I (разделил) the text into two parts to learn it better. 3. After his disease the patient changed greatly because his (вес) became less. 4. There are many (кровеносных сосудов) in the human body. 5. We can walk, run and jump because of the (сокращение) of the (мышц). 6. Our blood is (состоит) of white and red (клеток крови). 7. Research work helped the scientists to (установить) the agents of many diseases.

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Cycle II. Anatomy

6. 
   Make these sentences interrogative. Translate them:
   

1. The atlas on Anatomy was composed by R.D. Sinelnikov. 2. These children will be given vitamin therapy. 3. The chest of the patient is examined by the doctor. 4. At this clinic the operations on the skull are carried out successfully.

6. 
   Pick out the sentences in Past Indefinite Passive:
   

1. Dissecting the corpse the students separated one muscle from the other. 2. On the corpse one muscle was separated from the other by the students. 3. The doctor was treated by many specialists as he was badly ill himself. 4. The doctor treated his patients successfully.

6. 
   Pick out and translate the sentences with the Infinitive used as an attribute:
   

1. He can perform this operation in the morning. 2. My friend was the last to come to the lecture. 3. He wants to determine the direction of muscular fibers. 4. Microbiology is one of the most interesting subjects to study.

6. 
   Translate the following sentences:
   

1. Медсестра сказала, что у меня слишком маленький вес.

2. 
   Терапевт обнаружил, что у больного кровяное давление на правой руке выше, чем на левой. 3. В своей лекции профессор сообщил, что кровеносные сосуды делятся на артерии, вены и капилляры.
   

3. 
   Врач был уверен, что в этом случае можно легко установить причину заболевания.
   

6. 
   Read Text F. What do paragraphs two and three deal with?
   

Text F
In the adult the muscles form about 35-40% of the body weight. All the muscles are divided into the muscles of the trunk, head, and extremities.
Long, short and wide muscles form three basic groups. The long muscles compose the free parts of the extremities. Tlfe wide muscles form the walls of the body cavities. Some short muscles, of which stapedius [sta'pidjas] (стремечковая) is the smallest muscle in the human body, form facial musculature.
The structure of the muscular fibers is different in different groups of muscles. The muscles consist of a mass of muscle cells. The muscular fibers are connected together by connective tissue. There are many blood vessels and nerves in the muscles. The muscles are the active agents of motion and contraction.

Unit 1. The Bones and the Muscles

75

LESSON 12
HOME ASSIGNMENTS

1. 
   Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
   

bom [Ьэ:п] а рожденный; to be born родиться degree [di'gri:] n степень; ученая степень; градус. Му temperature was 36,5 °С. — У меня была температура 36,5° (градуса по Цельсию). 36,5 °С следует читать: thirty-six point five degrees Celcium (или thirty- six point five Centigrade)
receive [ri'si:v] v принимать; получать strong [strop] а сильный; крепкий; здоровый surface ['s3:fis] n поверхность far [fa:] а далекий; adv далеко; значительно point [point] n место; точка
origin [Ъпс&т] n начало; источник; происхождение band [bsend] n пучок
finding [’faindip] n находка; pi данные, результаты ending [’endip] n окончание abdomen ['aebdomen] n брюшная полость, живот restore [rt'sto:] v восстанавливать (здоровье) condition [kon'dijn] n состояние (здоровья); условие

2. 
   Переведите предложения, обратив внимание на выделенные слова:
   

I. The bands of muscular fibers may be long or short. 2. The human leg has a large surface. 3. Show us in the picture the point of connection of the rib and the breastbone. 4. The origin of some diseases is not well studied. 5. He is the Ukranian by origin. 6. He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the age of 45. 7. The patient had a very high temperature — it was 39,5 °C.

8. 
   The patient’s health was restored after the course of treatment.
   

3. 
   Выберите соответствующий перевод следующих словосочетаний:
   

соединительная ткань, кровеносный сосуд, вес тела, сокращение мышцы, нервные окончания, место начала, пучки мышечных волокон, поверхность кости, в соответствии с, искусственный сустав, шейные позвонки.
The surface of the bone, connective tissue, the bands of muscular fibers, cervical vertebrae, a blood vessel, according to, body weight, nerve endings, contraction of the muscle, an artificial joint, the point of origin.

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Cycle II. Anatomy

4. 
   1. Прочтите текст G. 2. О чем говорится в каждом абзаце?
   

3. 
   Найдите и переведите предложения: а) с инфинитивами; б) на правило согласования времен. 4. Перескажите текст.
   

Text G. Professor Lesgaft’s Scientific Research
Prof. P.F. Lesgaft was born in 1837. He was a prominent Russian anatomist and a talented teacher. He was the first scientist in our country to work out the science of physical culture. He studied at the Medical Academy. After he graduated from the Academy he worked for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. This degree was given to him in 1865 and in 1868 he received the Degree of Doctor of Surgery. Then he worked as the Professor of Anatomy at Kazan University. In 1886 he began to deliver lectures in Anatomy in Petersburg.
About 130 scientific works were written by Prof Lesgaft. Many of them were translated into foreign languages. One of his main works was the book called The Basis of Theoretical Anatomy. .
In one of his works which was written in 1892 Prof. Lesgaft divided the muscles into two basic groups — static and dynamic [dai'nsemik]. In his work they were called strong, and skilled (ловкие). He determined that the static muscles were connected with large surfaces of the bones far from the point of their origin; they were formed by short bands of muscular fibers; the dynamic muscles were composed of the bands of long muscular fibers.
His studies on static and dynamic muscles wdre continued by Prof A.K. Koveshnikova, who received many interesting findings. In 1954 it was determined by her experiments on animals that static and dynamic muscles were different in the number of nerve fibers and the form of nerve endings.
V*. Закончите предложения, выбрав необходимые по смыслу варианты:
I. Lesgaft was a prominent researcher who... (a) studied the structure of the human bones; (6) worked out the sciend? of physical culture; (в) was born in the 20th century. 2. Static muscles are... (a) formed by long bands of muscular fibers; (6) the muscles which have a large amplitude of motion; (в) connected with large surfaces of the bones. 3. The wide muscle form... (a) the walls of the body cavities; (6) the free parts of the extremities; (в) the main parts of the trunk. ^VI.

VI. Поставьте предложения в Past Indefinite Passive (письменно):
1. On Friday Prof. Smirnov delivered a lecture on the structure of the muscles. 2. During the operation the surgeon introduced an artificial metal

Unit 1. The Bones and the Muscles

77

joint. 3. Many scientists studied the tissues, blood vessels and nerves of the muscles.

7. 
   Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на время глаголов:
   

1. In the first term basic theoretical subjects are taught to medical students.

2. 
   The chest is divided by the breastbone into two parts on each side of which there are seven ribs. 3. Two basic groups of muscles — static and dynamic — were established by Prof. Lesgaft. 4. The name of the great Russian surgeon Pirogov is known not only in our country but in all foreign countries.
   

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

7. 
   Read and translate the words with the same root:
   

to connect, connective, connection; to contract, contractive, contraction; clinical, clinically, clinic; to direct, directly, directive, direction; attentive, attentively, attention; to act, act, active, actively, action, activist, activity.

7. 
   Answer the following questions:
   

1. Does the pulse become rapid or slow when one is running? 2. Does the patient gain or lose weight if he is seriously ill? 3. Do you take examinations at the beginning or at the end of the term? 4. Is the students’ hostel near or far from the main building of the Institute? 5. Does the man become weak or strong if he goes in for sports?

7. 
   Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
   

1. The number of the vertebrae which form the coccyx may be from one to five. 2. In the human body the skeletal muscles number 600. 3. A number of interesting findings was found out experimentally. 4. The muscles of the human body are different in their form. 5. A number of muscular fibers form a band.

7. 
   Read the statements and answer the question given below:
   

1. 
   My friend is greatly excited because his son has the disease of the coxofemoral joints. The boy cannot walk and must be in bed.
   
2. 
   My friend’s daughter is on her holidays now. She is going to visit Kazan. She will go to museums, theatres and see many new films. She is excited but feels happy.
   

Who must restore the health — my friend's son or my friend’s daughter?

7. 
   Finish the sentences choosing the necessary word combination from those given below:
   

1. The patient was ill for a long time and... 2. About 40% of the body weight... 3. The oblique muscle is called so... 4. The muscles are active agents of... 5. The static muscles are connected with...

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Cycle II. Anatomy

Motion and contraction, according to its direction, his weight changed greatly, large surfaces of the bones, is formed by the muscles.

7. 
   Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitives:
   

1. 
   My father went to the sanatorium to restore the condition of his health.
   
2. 
   Amosov is one of the scientists to perform numerous operations on the heart. 3. Students must often go to the dissecting-room to study the structure of different organs. 4. This is the article to be carefully read by me to get prepared for my report.
   

7. 
   Put the following sentences in the Future tense:
   

1. Important findings were determined by this experiment. 2. Different methods of research were used in this laboratory. 3. This scientific article was divided into three basic parts.

7. 
   State the difference between the predicates in the pairs of the sentences:
   

1. The health of the patient is restored. The health of the patient was restored rapidly. 2. New methods of medical examination are introduced in many hospitals. New methods of restoring diseased joints were introduced by Dr. Sivash.

7. 
   Translate the following sentences:
   

1. Лектор сказал студентам, что мышечные волокна соединяются соединительной тканью. 2. Мы знали, что исследователь изучает функции широких мышц. 3. Врач считал, что этому больному нужен полный покой. 4. Мы узнали, что мышцы делятся на мышцы туловища, головы и конечностей.

7. 
   Give extended answers:
   

1. What can you tell us about Prof. Lesgaft? 2 What was determined by Prof. Lesgaft in his research works on muscles? 3. What did Prof. Koveshnikova determine by her scientific work on muscles?
A

7. 
   Read Text H. Find the passages corresponding to the items of the plan:
   

1. The treatment of the patient with the paralysis of leg muscles. 2. The use of plastics in medicine.
Text H. Plastics for Health
In 1966 a very interesting operation was performed by the surgeons of Moscow Traumatology [jroims'totacfci] Institute.

Unit 2. The Inner Organs of the Human Body

79

The patient was an 18-year-old girl. She had the paralysis of the leg muscles. The patient was examined by the surgeons and then the operation was performed.
During the operation the muscles from her back and abdomen were transplanted to the thigh. These transplanted muscles were connected together by bands of special plastic — lavsan.
It is not the first time that plastics were used to restore health. For example, lavsan bands were also used if the patient had some defects in the spinal column. Special threads (нити) were introduced into the diseased spinal column and the surgeons could examine the condition of the patient by X-rays.

UNIT 2. THE INNER ORGANS OF THE HUMAN
BODY

Правила чтения: буквосочетание oa.
Словообразование: суффиксы -ous, -ary, -ery, -ory; префиксы inter-, sub-.