З. И. Вайнштейн Л. С. Плебейская

Запомните произношение следующих слов: membraneous ['membranas] перепончатый anus ['einas] задний проход pharynx ['fseripks] глотка esophagus [fsnfagas] пищевод ,

pancreas ['paeqkrras] поджелудочная железа gland [glaend] железа salivary ['saslivari] слюнный
duodenum |,dju:a'di:nam] двенадцатиперстная кишка
jejunum [dsi'cfcumam] тощая кишка
ileum ['iliam] подвздошная кишка (илеум)
caecum ['si:kamj слепая кишка
colon ['kaulan] ободочная кишка, толстая кишка
rectum ['rektamj прямая кишка

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Cycle II. Anatomy

2. 
   Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: alimentary [.asli'mentsri] а пищеварительный mouth [mau0| п рот
   

stomach ['sUmak] п желудок
intestine [in'testmj п кишечник, кишка; small intestine тонкий кишечник; large intestine толстый кишечник gallbladder ['go:l,blaeda] л жёлчный пузырь important [im'podant] а важный, значительный tongue [U13] п язык; coated tongue обложенный язык palate ['paslit] п нёбо; soft palate мягкое нёбо; hard palate твердое нёбо also [b:lsau] adv тоже, также food [fu:d] п пища, питание; пищевые продукты through [0ru:] ргр через, сквозь, по portion ['po:Jn] п часть; отдел; доля, порция measure ['гпезэ] п мера; v измерять tube [tju:b] п труба; трубка; тюбик

3. 
   Переведите следующие словосочетания:
   

the lower portion of the stomach, let me see your tongue, the intestines are in the abdominal cavity, to measure the length of the bone, the tongue was coated.

4. 
   Переведите следующие предложения:
   

1. 
   The soft palate is a continuation of the soft tissues covering the hard palate. 2. The small intestine composed of three main portions is a thin-walled muscular tube. 3. The weight of the largest of the salivary glands is 28 g. 4. The liver consists of small lobules (дольки) connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and nerves. 5. The duodenum is called so because its length measures about the length of twelve fingers. 6. The liver consisting of lobes is covered with a fibrous coat.
   

5. 
   Укажите предложения, в которых оае, that употребляются как заменители имен существительных. Переведите эти предложения:
   

1. 
   One of the lungs has three lobes, the other one only two. 2. The brain of the man is heavier than that of any lower animal. 3. That portion of the alimentary tract which forms the large intestine consists, of caecum, colon and rectum. 4. The valve that separates the atrium and the ventricle of the right chamber is called the tricuspid valve. ^VI.
   

VI. 1. Прочтите текст E. 2. Выпишите из текста названия органов.

3. 
   Дайте последовательно названия всех частей пищеварительного тракта. 4. Составьте вопросы к тексту по следующей модели:
   

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89

What comes above (below) the stomach?
Text E. The Alimentary Tract
The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8И m (metres) in length. It extends from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The liver with gallbladder and pancreas are the large glands of the alimentary tract.
The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste (вкуса). The soft and hard palates and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity.
From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach.
The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It measures about 21-25 cm (centimetres) in length, 8-9 cm in its greatest diameter. It has a capacity of from 2.14 to 4.28 1 (litres).
The small intestine is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6.5 m long. It is located in the middle portion of the abdominal cavity. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
The large intestine is about 1.5 m long. It is divided into caecum, colon and rectum.
The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm.
The gallbladder is a hollow sac (мешок) lying on the lower surface of the liver.
The pancreas is a long thin gland lying behind the stomach.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

7. 
   Translate these sentences and define the part of speech of the words in bold type:
   

1. 
   The left atrium and ventricle connected by the mitral valve form the left chamber of the heart. 2. The operation made on the diseased joints restored the health of the patient. 3. The main inner organs included in the thoracic cavity are the heart and lungs. 4. The blood carried through the veins from the trunk, head and extremities to the right atrium is called
   

venous.

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Cycle II. Anatomy

7. 
   Say what organ is spoken about:
   

1. 
   This organ is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm in the right side of the abdomen. Its upper surface is convex. This organ consists of small lobules connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and nerves.
   
2. 
   This organ is pyriform (грушевидный) in shape. It is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. The liver is above this organ, and the colon is below it. The pancreas is behind this organ.
   

7. 
   Combine the adjectives with the proper nouns given below. Translate your word combinations:
   

inner, serous, salivary, hard, exact (точный), vital, connective, pale, length, palate, coat, capacity, tissue, gland, layer, face.

7. 
   Make up sentences with the predicate in the Passive Voice. Translate them:
   

1. 
   are, with, the oral cavity, connected, the salivary, glands; 2) the oral cavity, are, the soft and hard palates, located in; 3) of, main, are, the arteries, composed, three, copts.
   

7. 
   Translate the following sentences:
   

,1. The peritoneum is a serous coat covering the inner surface of the abdominal wall. 2. The shape of the stomach changes when it dilates and its borders greatly extend. 3. The capillaries are connected with the endings of the arteries and veins. 4. The left atrium is smaller than the right one and its walls are thicker than those of the right one.

7. 
   Translate the sentences determining the meaning of the words in bold type from the context:
   

1. 
   The great Russian scientist Pirogov published his Anatomical Atlas in 1851—1854. 2. Anatomy is the science which describes the structure of the human body. 3. The invention of the radio by Popov was a great scientific revolution. 4. The exact number of minutes ifi an hour is sixty.
   

7. 
   Using the words given in the brackets make up sentences corresponding to the Russian ones:
   

1. 
   В Москве издается много медицинских журналов.
   

(many, published, journals, Moscow, are, in, medical)

2. 
   Анатомия описывает строение тела человека.
   

(human, the, describes, structure, anatomy, body, the, of)

3. 
   Можете ли вы сказать мне точное время?
   

(exact, tell, you, can, me, the, time)

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91

4. 
   В этой книге описаны великие открытия, сделанные русскими учеными.
   

(made, in, book, this, are, great, Russian, discoveries, described, by, scientists)

7. 
   Read Text F. Translate the third and fourth paragraphs. Find there:
   

1. 
   Infinitives and state their functions; b) the subordinate object clauses with the sequence of tenses; c) put questions to the first and second paragraphs; d) express the essence of every paragraph in one sentence.
   

Text F. Andreas Vesalius
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1563) is one of the greatest anatomists. He studied medicine in France. In 1537 he got the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1538 his first scientific works in anatomy were published. In 1543 his most important book On the Structure of the Human Body was written.
His work On the Structure of the Human Body consists of seven books. The bones of the skeleton, the joints and cartilages were described in the first book; the muscles — in the second; the vessels — in the third; the nerves — in the fourth; the alimentary tract — in the fifth; the heart and the respiratory system — in the sixth; the brain — in the seventh book.
In all his researches Vesalius studied the anatomy of the human body on corpses. He studied the structure of the inner organs of the human body taking into consideration¹ their functions. Vesalius was the first scientist to give a proper description of the human skeleton. He also determined that the right and the left ventricles of the heart were not connected. He determined that there was no opening in the septum between the left and the right heart chambers. It was a great discovery. Before Vesalius all the scientists considered that the left and the right heart chambers were connected by the opening in the septum. His discovery opened the way to the discovery of the pulmonary and systemic blood circulations in future. Vesalius did much to establish new and exact anatomical terms.
The great Russian scientist Pavlov said that the works written by Vesalius composed the first anatomy of the human body in which everything was based on scientific research work.
Note
¹ to take into consideration — принимать во внимание

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Cycle II. Anatomy

LESSON 16

HOME ASSIGNMENTS

Revision

1. 
   Повторите правила чтения, способы словообразования, грамматические правила, лексический и текстовой материал цикла II (уроки 9-15).
   
2. 
   Прочтите следующие слова:
   

thigh, facial, moist, auricle, found, find, poison, nausea, auscultation.

3. 
   Найдите суффиксы и префиксы в следующих словах и переведите эти слова:
   

respiratory, impossible, language, subserous, cartilage, irregular, connective, constructive, subclass, alimentary, venous.

4. 
   Ответьте на вопросы:
   

1. 
   По какой формуле образуется страдательный залог? 2. Как переводятся глаголы в страдательном залоге? 3. Как образуется Past Participle? Чем может являться Past Participle в предложении и как переводится? 4. Какие функции может выполнять Present Participle в предложении и как переводится? 5. Чем могут быть заменены имена существительные во избежание их повторения? 6. Как переводится инфинитив в функции: а) определения, б) обстоятельства цели? .
   

5. 
   Распределите слова на две колонки:
   

Parts of the vascular system

Parts of the alimentary tract

Ileum, heart, vessel, anus, jejunum, artery, duodenum, tongue, vein, pharynx, stomach, capillary, esophagus, intestine, aorta, rectum, oral cavity, salivary glands, mouth, caecum, colon, teeth. _л ^{VI. VII.}

VI. Напишите слова, которые будут вам нужны для описания:
а) сердечно-сосудистой системы; б) легких; в) костей; г) мышц; д) пищеварительного тракта. Используйте эти слова для работы в аудитории.

VII. Переведите и поставьте в нужном времени глаголы, данные в скобках (письменно):

1. 
   The brain (располагаться) in the cranial cavity. 2. The left and the right heart chambers (разделяться) by the septum. 3. Many books on medicine (издаваться) last year. 4. The left lung (делиться) into two lobes.
   

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8. 
   Поставьте данные в скобках глаголы в форме Past Participle (письменно):
   

1. 
   The blood (to carry) to the liver passes through the portal vein.
   
2. 
   The articles (to publish) were written by a young surgeon. 3. The (to receive) findings helped the surgeon to perform the operation. 4. Many small iobules (to connect) by connective tissue and bands of vessels and nerves form the liver.
   

8. 
   Переведите предложения и определите функции Present Participle:
   

1. 
   The doctor determined the size (размер) of the liver palpating it.
   
2. 
   The blood passing through the portal vein is carried to the liver. 3. Making the medical examination of the patient the doctor considered that his condition was normal.
   

8. 
   Переведите следующие предложения, определите функции инфинитива:
   

1. 
   The doctor changed the treatment to restore the patient’s health as rapidly as possible. 2. Andreas Vesalius was the first anatomist to describe the structure of the human organs in connection with their functions. 3. To determine the borders of the heart is not an easy matter for a medical student. .
   

8. 
   Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам (письменно):
   

1. 
   The motive (двигательный) function of the upper extremity was restored after the course of proper treatment. 2. This patient’s temperature will be taken every two hours. 3. About 130 scientific works were written by Lesgaft. 4. The large intestine is divided into caecum, colon and rectum.
   

5. 
   The atrium and the ventricle of the right heart chamber are connected by the tricuspid valve.
   

8. 
   Прочтите и переведите Текст G, пользуясь словарем. Скажите, с какими системами внутренних органов вы познакомились.
   

Text G. The Viscera
Although they are often called by a single name, the viscera, the organs that fill the body’s chest and abdominal cavities compose several different systems — respiratory, digestive and urogenital, which together provide the body with food and oxygen and remove wastes (продукты распада).

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Cycle II. Anatomy

The trachea and lungs are parts of the respiratory system, which delivers oxygen to the blood. The lungs consist of millions of elastic membranes sacs which together can hold about as much air as a football.
The organs of the digestive system most prominent ones are: the stomach, the large and small intestines and the liver. They modify foods which the body takes in. The soft, reddish-brown liver, the largest gland in the body, plays hundreds of roles, from producing proteins to secreting bile.
The bladder is part of the urinary system, which regulates the body’s water supply. The kidneys, located behind the stomach and liver, filter out wastes and pass them along to the bladder for storage (накопление) and discharge.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

8. 
   1. State the part ot speech by the suffixes:
   

primary, attentive, serous, secondary, shortage, active, numerous, respiratory, usage.

2. 
   Find the prefixes in the following words:
   

. substance, interspace, subdivision, irregular, impossible.

3. 
   Give derivatives of the following verbs:
   

act, connect, describe, determine, find, locate, contract.

8. 
   Describe the location of the organs:
   

the brain, the lungs, the stomach, the small intestine, the liver, the pam creas, the heart, the tongue, the gallbladder. '

8. 
   Supply extended answers to the following questions:
   

1. What main parts is the skeleton composed of? 2. What bones compose the spinal column? 3. What bones is the chest composed of? 4. What parts do the lower and upper extremities consist of? 5. What cavities are there in the skull? 6. What do you know about the IV International Federal Congress of Anatomists? 7. How many basic groups are the muscles of the human body divided into? 8. What scientific work did Prof. Lesgaft carry out? 9. What can you tell us about the general vascular system? 10. What structure has the human heart? 11. Where are the lungs located? 12. What anatomical structure have the lungs? 13. What weight and what colour have the lungs? 14. What portions is the alimentary tract composed of?

8. 
   Read and translate Text H.
   

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95

Text H
According to their functions different organs of the human body are divided into several systems: the bones, the muscular system, the alimentary tract, the respiratory system, the urogenital¹ system, the vascular system, and the nervous system.
The muscles and the bones are under the layer of subcutaneous² fat. The muscles are connected with the bones.
The heart and the large blood vessels connected with it, as well as the lungs and the esophagus are in the thoracic cavity. The spleen, the liver and the stomach are in the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The small and large intestines are in the abdominal cavity lower than the stomach, the liver and the spleen. The kidneys are on the posterior side of the abdominal cavity.
Notes

1.