Xelisufleba da sazogadoeba (istoria, Teoria, praqtika)” Scientific magazine “authority and society

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. gamsaxurdia s. ,,swavla-ganaTleba Zvel saqarTveloSi“. Tbilisi, 1975;

2. swavla-aRzrdis istoria saqarTveloSi masalebis krebuli. tomi I. Tbilisi, 1937;

3. asaTiani a. narkvevebi ,,qristianobis pedagogikis istoriidan“. tomi I. Tbilisi, 2007;

4. lobJaniZe g. narkvevebi qarTul sazogadoebriv-politikur moZRvrebaTa istoriidan. tomi I. Tbilisi, 1998;

5. sumbaZe d. „deda uflisaTvis anu gelaTis akademia da berZnuli filosofiis dasasruli“. Tbilisi, 1997;

6. javaxiSvili iv. „qarTveli eris istoria“. tomi IV. Tbilisi, 1967;

7. qarTuli emigrantuli literatura, “dabruneba” eqvTime TayaiSvili. tomi I, Tbilisi, 1991.

Resume

Mariam Geliashvili

Maia Geliashvili

Historical roots of education in Georgia
The Georgian erudites brought up on rich traditions of Kolkhetian Academy, have played the leading role in spreading educational ideas in antique and other periods in Georgia. This fact resulted in the strong humanistic movement. Rich soil for the Georgian Renaissance and its ideology has been prepared, which has been based on rich materialistic and spiritual leadership.

Since the ancient times, when there were no educational centers, the educational system has been based on a family, private education, but after announcing Christianity as State religion, teaching was carried out at schools at churches and monasteries, where the Georgian pedagogic thought has been evolved, which is the main condition for materialistic and spiritual development.

Резюме
Мариам Гелиашвили

Майя Гелиашвили

Исторические корни образования в Грузии
Грузинские учёные, воспитанные в богатых традициях Колхетинской Академии, сыграли большую роль в деле основания и распространения просветительной мысли античного и последующего периода. С их помощью в Грузии началось сильное гуманистическое движение. Была подготовлена почва для грузинского Ренессанса и его идеологии, которая основывалась на материальных и духовных предпосылках единой Грузии.

С древних времён, когда в Грузии еще не существовало образовательных очагов, вся система образования опиралась на частную и семейную учебу, но после того, как государственной религией была объявлена христианская религия, учёба велась в школах и семинариях при монастырях и церквях, где была заложена основа грузинской педагогической мысли и учебно-просветительной работы, что представляло главную задачу в развитии материальной и духовной силы в стране.

`dedas vuyvarvarT Svilebi,

deda ar gvaxsovs Svilebsa,

mitomac wuTisofeli

sul mudam gvacodvilebsa~

xalxuri
qarTveli kacis es brZnuli amonaTqvami amoativtiva Cems gonebaSi deda-Svilobis maradiulma problemam da gadavwyvite, es strofi epigrafad wamemZRvarebina Cemi saTqmelisaTvis deda-Svilobis fenomenze.

antuan de sent egziuperis Tqmisa ar iyos, yvelani Cveni bavSvobidan movdivarT! hoda, maxsendeba skolis wlebi, rodesac yvelaze bejiTi moswavleebic ki skrupulozurad gadmoscemdnen sakontrolo weris dros jer nawarmoebis Sinaarss, xolo Semdeg garCevis wignebidan amokrebil kritikosTa azrebs. dRes, albaT, srulwlovanma adamianma TviTdamkvidreba sakuTari (Tundac mcdari!) da ara sxvaTa azriT unda moaxerxos. amitomac Sevecdebi, am problemaze sakuTari Tvalsawieridan gavmarTo TqvenTan bWoba da Cemeburi xedva SemogTavazoT! Secdomebisgan ar var dazRveuli, magram me xom xelovnebis samsaxuri avirCie da, rogorc pianists, Semoqmeds, ufleba ar maqvs epigonobis. me Cemi bgera unda aRmovaCino, Cem saTqmels mivagno da giTxraT! vnaxoT, ra gamomiva.

nebismier qarTvels araerTxel aqvs wakiTxuli rogorc didi ilia WavWavaZis `oTaraanT qvrivi~, aseve ubrwyinvalesi qarTveli novelistis – niko lorTqifaniZis `Tavsafriani dedakaci~. bevric dauweriaT am or tragikul dedaze, - lorTqifaniZesTan Svilebs Soris siaruliT gamcvdar, swori gzis ZiebaSi Caferflil qvriv qalze, iliasTan ki rkinis nebisyofis mqone, Seudrekel oTaraanT qvrivze, romelic mxolod Svilis tragedias SeeZlo gaetexa da misive saflavze aResrulebina.

imis miuxedavad, rom Tavsafriani dedakaci Svilebis umadurobam samudamod gadakarga ugzo-ukvlod ojaxidan, mas ar daviwyebia zrunva imisaTvis, rom misi Svilebis Rirseba ar Selaxuliyo, saxeli ar gaetexa maTTvis, xalxSi ar Seercxvina da ukanasknel werilSi maTdami, pirvelad icrua Tavis sicocxleSi: `sayvarelo Svilebo! nu miwyenT, salocavad wavedi, nu meZebT... SviliSvilebi damikocneT. Cemze nu swuxarT, mSvidobiT samudamod!~...

niko lorTqifaniZem am Svidgverdian novelaSi imgvari saocari sisruliT dainaxa da gviCvena erTi Tavsafriani dedakacis sulieri samyaro, rom am gmiris saxeSi gamoxata Tavisi xalxis mravali umaRlesi da uwmindesi Rirseba.

nawarmoebis epigrafSi avtori SeniSnavs, rom wers `SemTxveviT Sexvedrilis ambavs~. nu damiwunebTo, - mogvmarTavs mkiTxvelebs, - ar SemiZlia grZnoba-goneba did pirovnebaze SevaCeroo... `isini aSlian sulisSemxuTav suraTebs... Semdeg, odesme, maT aRmouCndebaT mociquli vinme markozi an ioane~ (n. lorTqifaniZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II. gv. 116).

me vwer Tavsafrian dedakaczeo.

damTavrebiT ki es novela ulmobeli WeSmaritebiT mTavrdeba - `didebuli adamianebi uZeglod ikargebian~...

rac Seexeba `rkinis qalamnebian~ oTaraanT qvrivs, me mainc vfiqrob, rom aq ara imdenad `sajanabo qisaze~, an `Catexili xidis~ problemaze msjelobaa mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac maradiul dilemaze Taobebs Soris, - mamebisa da Svilebis, anu am SemTxvevaSi, deda-Svilobis maradiul problemaze. vidre am ukanasknel problemas CavuRrmavdebi, minda gavixseno is, rac Cven yvelas kargad gvaxsovs skolidanve, - umZafresi kamaTi da winaaRmdegoba Tergdaleulebsa (anu me-19 saukunis 60-ianelebsa) da maT winamorbed mamuliSvilTa Soris, rac zogjer erTmaneTis Seuracxmyofeli da miutevebeli cinizmiTac iyo gamoxatuli. gavixsenoT grigol orbelianis sityvebi ilia WavWavaZis mimarT: `is liberali, burTiviT mrgvali~... da aranakleb mZafri pasuxi ilias mxridan:

`vina yrixarTo,

virebi xarTo, -

mag Tqvens zrdilobas

viT ekadreba?

magram SoTam sTqva, -

rac kokaSi sdgas,

igive, Turme

warmosdindeba!~

(ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani or tomad, I t. Tb. 1977, gv. 97)

mamaTa da SvilTa Taobebs Soris amgvari dapirispirebis safuZveli ara raRac yofiTis TviTmiznuri da axirebuli akviateba gaxldaT, aramed uwmindesi, sakraluri ram orive TaobisaTvis, - RvTaebrivi sawyisis mqone fenomeni – qarTuli sityva, rac umdidresi qarTuli enis Semadgeneli nawilia.

`ena mdidari,

Tqvens xelSi mkvdari,

Cven migviRia gasacocxleblad,

da amasac Tqven

codvad gviTvliT Cven,

raRa piriTa daxvalT am qveynad~... (iqve)

ilia gaxldaT swored Semoqmedi axali qarTuli saliteraturo enisa. man moaxdina mSobliuri enis kultivireba, anu qarTl-kaxur dialeqtze dayrdnobiT, Tanamedrove moTxovnaTa safuZvelze enis daxvewa da gamorandva, moZvelebuli arqaizmebisa da araqarTuli (kerZod, rusuli) terminebisagan gaTavisufleba, rac advilad ar eTmoboda wina Taobas.

Taobebs Soris aseTi dapirispireba ara mxolod qarTul kulturaSi gvxvdeba, aramed civilizebuli msoflios nebismieri kulturis maxasiaTebelia, anu (gavbedav da vityvi!) kanonzomierebaa.

gavixsenoT msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli ori genialuri kompozitoris – ferenc listisa da rihard vagneris profesiuli uTanxmoebani, romlebic erTmaneTs siZe-simamrad moxvdebodnen.

vagneri: `rarig ar miyvars musikaTmcodneobrivi pedantizmi. me piradad arc erTi `klasikuri da koreqtuli~ monografia ar damiweria, radganac mwamda, rom amgvari qirurgiuli gakveTiT – rogorc Cemi megobari da simamri listi ambobda, - ufro klaven kompozitoris pirovnebas, vidre mTeli Tavisi sulieri samyaroTi warmoaCenen~ (jorje belani, `me, rihard vagneri~, Tb. 1974, gv. 14). ai, swored am `megobarTan da simamrTan~ hqonia vagners principuli kamaTi da winaaRmdegoba wminda profesiuli TvalsazrisiT, rasac mogvianebiT amgvari wrfeli aRiarebiT moinaniebs: `listi gaxldaT im drois erTaderTi didi musikosi, vinc savsebiT Caswvda Cems miswrafebas da araTu Suris raime natamali gamoumJRavnebia, piriqiT, ibrZoda Cemi nawarmoebebis gasavrceleblad. rarig umarTebulod moviqeci ramdenime wlis winaT parizSi, roca avCqardi da brali davde lists, ar ki vicodi, rom mis sulSi sastikad ebrZoda erTmaneTs msmenelis mier damonebuli Semsrulebeli da musikis ganaxlebisaTvis mowadinebuli gamWriaxi kompozitori~ (iqve, gv. 88).

CemTvis saintereso problemasTan dakavSirebiT, erTi SesaniSnavi filmic minda gavixseno. es gaxlavT `ukvdavi satrfo~, romelic eZRvneba beThovenis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas, sadac beThovens gamorCeuli msaxiobi gari oldmeni ganasaxierebs. sayuradReboa is epizodi, genialur beThovens misi STamomavali rom dascinis: `es biZaCemi sul gamoCerCetda, dadis da gaiZaxis: laa-lala lala-lala, laa-lala, la-la-la~. ai, swored es - umcrosi beThovenis mier gaqilikebuli melodia gaxlavT `gamoCerCetebuli biZamisis~, diadi ludvig van beThovenis me-9 simfoniis finalis Tema - `oda sixarulisadmi~, rasac genialuri, ukve dayruebuli kompozitori imJamad qmnida da musikosad Seumdgari STamomavlis gasagonad waiRiRinebda xolme.

magram mivubrundebi isev Cems mTavar saTqmels, oTaraanT qvrivs, misgan mimavali erTaderTi Svilis Semyures, mis gausaZlisi kaeSniT savse sityvebs: `Cemgan midis, TiTqo Zafic ar iWers; sxvagan midis, TiTqo TokiT eweviano~... (ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani or tomad, t. I, Tb. 1977, gv. 502).

es – gaucxoebaa! Svili dedisaTvis sxva `me~-a, magram dedac aris da dedac! zogi deda sulgrZelad egueba Svilis `gaucxoebas~, anu dedisgan gansxvavebul pirovnebad Camoyalibebas; zogs ki surs, sicocxlis bolomde TviTon iyos zrdadasrulebuli Svilis meurve. es cudia ara mxolod SvilisTvis, aramed dedisTvisac, romelic Svils pirovnebad ki ara, - monad, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, qveSevrdomad ayalibebs...

oTaraanT qvrivi umZimesi sulieri tkivilisa da avismomaswavebeli utyuari deduri intuiciis miuxedavad, sakuTar Tavs gadaabijebs da Svilis tkivilis gaTavisebas cdilobs, magram... bedisweris winaSe deda-Svili uZluria.

miqelanjelo buonarotim da rafael santim siqstinis kapela rom moxates, rafaelma saocreba aCuqa kacobriobas `siqstinis madonas~ saxiT. RvTismSobels Svili mihyavs kacobriobis samsxverploze, magram iesos dedas Segnebuli aqvs am msxverplis aucilebloba, raTa ar moisras adamianTa modgma, romelTa codvebic swored qristem unda gamoisyidos Tavisi sisxliTa da ekliani gvirgviniT.

`...daadges eklis gvirgvini, golgoTas miiwvieso;

Sesamoseli gaxades, qlamindi moaxvieso...

qmna sulgrZeloba maTzeda da dasTmo man CvenTvi eso,

dideba moTminebasa Sensa, ufalo ieso!...

vai, ra kargi saCino ra avad migiCnieso!...

dideba moTminebasa Sensa, ufalo ieso!~

(daviT guramiSvili, - `jvarcmis ambavi~, daviTiani, Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 39).

qarTvel dedasac hqonda Svilis gawirviT siamayis ufleba, radgan RvTismSoblis wilxvedr qveyanasa da miwas ewirebodnen zvarakad Svilebi, iqneboda es 9 Zma xerxeuliZe, Tu 300 aragveli, saxelovani yrmani Tu `usaxelo ufliscixelebi~... es vaJkacebi qarTvel dedaTa Svilebi ki iyvnen, magram ara `dedikos biWebi~, aramed arwivebi – SiSis zars rom scemdnen mters TavianTi kamariT qarTul caze.

dedas Svili acocxlebs da Svili klavs!... RmerTma nu qnas, magram mtrad Tu moekida, gadamTieli pirsisxliani mteric ver miayenebs dedas iseT Rrma Wrilobas, rogorsac sakuTari Svili. es Wriloba Seuxorcebelia, es RvTis risxvaa!

sokratem `maievtikis Teoria~ Seqmna Tavisi filosofiiT. `maievtika~ bebiaqalobas niSnavs. sokrate Tvlida, rom agrZelebda Tavisi dedis, bebiaqalis – fainaretes profesiul saqmianobas zneobriv sferoSi. ucnauria, magram sokratem es profesia moazrovne mamakacisTvis misaRebad miiCnia, radgan Tvlida, rom sxvas codnis dabadebaSi unda daxmareboda. es iyo moazrovne, romelmac delfosis frontonze warweriT - `Seican Tavi Seni~, mouwoda adamianebs codnis dauflebisken, codnis Sesaxeb codnis miRebisaken.

sakuTari Tavis Secnoba ki pirvelwyaros – gamCenisa da dambadeblis – dedis moazrebiT iwyeba, magram Tu Svili aq SeCerdeba da Tu ganviTarebis aucileblobas ver acnobierebs, maSin es kraxia, fiaskoa!

roca me, 3 wlis bavSvma, dedis xvevna-kocnisagan Turme Tavi gaviTavisufle da mis alersian sityvebs: `Cemi lamazi, Cemi kargi biWi~, ase uxeSad gaveci pasuxi: `Sen Seni xar da me Cemi-meTqi~, - deda albaT unda gamwyromoda, magram dRes rogor mixaria, rom arc gamiwyra, magram xSirad aRarc manebivrebda Tavisi moferebiT.

man me, 3 wlisas neba damrTo ukve `pirovneba~ vyofiliyavi. amiT me, pawawina biWunas gasaocari grZnoba gamiCnda dedis dacvis, gafrTxilebisa da patronobis.

me deda-Svilobis aseTi fenomeni momwons da iseTi dedebi, romelTac SeuZliaT samyaros Svilis TvalebiT Sexedon.

oTaraanT qvrivi Seecada Svilis suliskveTebas Caswvdomoda, magram swored Svilis sabediswero Secdomam Seiwira orTave.

RmerTma dagvifaros `Tavsafrian dedakacSi~ mocemuli antiRirebulebiTi Svilobis fenomenTan identifikaciisgan! adamianis yvelaze saZraxi Tviseba umadurobaa, miTumetes, roca `uZRebi Svili~ am kontrTvisebas dedis winaaRmdeg avlens...

deda-Sviloba ki iseTi wminda ramaa da iseTi gamWvirvale, rogorc cremli da mas msaxvrali xeliT ar unda SevexoT, Torem `wuTisofeli sul mudam gvacodvilebsa~...

me ase mjera!

gamoyenebuli liiteratura:

1. 
   ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani or tomad, t. I, Tbilisi, 1977;
   
2. 
   niko lorTqifaniZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II, Tbilisi, 1953;
   
3. 
   jorje belani, me, rihard vagneri, Tb. 1974;
   
4. 
   sergi danelia, narkvevebi antikuri da axali filosofiis istoriaSi, Tbilisi, 1978, gamomc. Tsu
   
5. 
   mose gogiberiZe, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani, III, filosofiis istoria, Tbilisi, 1972, gamomc. Tsu
   
6. 
   platoni, did hipia, menoni, ioni, Targmani baCana bregvaZis, Tb. 1975
   
7. 
   Швеицер А. «Культура и этика», Москва, 1973
   
8. 
   Ф. Ницше, З. Фрейд, Э. Фромм, А. Камю, Ж.П. Сартр, Сумерки богов, изд. Политической литературы, М. 1990
   

Summary
Dachi Taktakishvili

Highbrow Speculation on Mother-and-children Relationship
This paper deals with the author’s view on the phenomenon of mother-and children relationship. It implies old but permanently actual problem of generation gap. It leads to the problem of uprising the adolescent.

The above mentioned problem is viewed from the example based on Georgian classical art, as well as world culture.

Резюме
Дачи Тактакишвили

Гласные раздумья о родительском феномене
В статье предлагается точка зрения автора на проблему родительского (материнского) феномена, что подразумевает древнюю, однако вечно актуальную проблему взаимоотношения между поколениями, которая ведет нас к новой проблеме формирования и становления подростка как «личности».

Названные проблемы автором рассмотрены на примерах как грузинского классического искусства, так и мировой культуры.

ritorika, anu mWermetyvelebis Teoria, aris moZRvreba sajaro gamosvlebis, oratoruli xelovnebis wesebisa da kanonebis Sesaxeb.

oratoruli xelovnebis istoria antikuri saberZneTidan iwyeba. imisaTvis, rom SevafasoT antikur xanaSi oratoruli sityvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, upirveles yovlisa, unda gavixsenoT, rom saberZneTisa da romis kultura iyo ufro zepiri xasiaTis, wignebi iyo cota da isic xelnaweri. adamianebi inaxavdnen sayvarel Txzulebebs ara Taroebze, aramed gonebaSi. istoriuli Txzulebani, filosofiuri traqtatebi, samecniero kvlevebic ki iwereboda xmamaRali kiTxvisaTvis. amitom rTuli gasagebi araa, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba hqonda antikuri literaturis mxatvruli stilis ganviTarebisaTvis mWermetyvelebas – Janrs, sadac xmamaRali sityva mefobda yvelaferze. mWermetyveleba niWia, imis niWi, rom sityviT gamoiwvio msmenelebSi sasurveli ganwyobileba an rwmena, Seaguliano isini miiRon esa Tu is gadawyvetileba, zegavlena moaxdino msmenelTa gonebaze, grZnobasa da nebisyofaze.

“mWermetyveleba xelovnebaa: imnairi metyvelebis xelovneba, rom msmeneli aramarto Zaldautaneblad, aramed siamovnebiTac gvismenen da cdiloben ufro Rrmad Caswvdnen sityvis Sinaars”- werda paskali. (5)

oratoria mWermetyveli ostati, romelic logikurad, maxvilgonivrulad, Sinaarsianad agebul sityvas maRali xelovnebiT warmoTqvams sadme sajarod. oratoris movaleobaa daicvas sazogadoebrivi interesebi, xalxi da samarTali.

oratorebi Cveulebriv arc xataven da arc weren, magram Taviseburad mxatvrebic arian da mwerlebic, azrTa mbyrobelnic da mesityveebic. iSviaTad, Tu vinmes gaaCnia maTebr adamianTa emociebis aRZvris , darwmunebis, aRelvebis, gaZRolis unari.

oratori ar unda imeorebdes Tavis Tavs da arc sxvas. cocxlad da gabedulad unda gadaeSvas azriT datvirTul sityvis zRvaSi, maxvilgonierebiTa da polemikuri Tu logikuri SeupovrobiT miaRwios msmenlis gulamde, sadac naxavs saimedo yures, pauzebsac apatieben da mcire Secdomebsac.

kargia ara is oratori, romlis sityvamac TviT oratorze gamoiwvia laparaki, aramed is oratori, is sityva, romelmac Caafiqra mseneli im sakiTxebze, rasac oratori Seexo Tavis sityvaSi.

oratori msaxiobi _ cudi oratoria. oratori unda iyos ara oinbazi, ara klouni, ara mxiaruli momTxrobi, aramed tribuni, romelsac masa usmens da mis naTqvams gulwrfelad iTvisebs. misi movaleobaa faqtebis gadmocema obieqturad, miudgomlad, yovelgvari gazviadebis an Semcirebis gareSe.

Zveli welTaRricxvis V-IV s-Si aTenSi Seqmnili pirobebi oratoruli xelovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis metad xelsayreli aRmoCnda. kerZod, mWermetyvelebis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda aTenis qalaq-saxelmwifos demokratiuli sistema, moqalaqes SeeZlo monawileoba mieRo saxalxo krebaSi, rac mas avalebda, SeiaraRebuli yofiliyo msmenelTa dasarwmuneblad saWiro xerxebiT. aTenuri sasamarTlos warmoebis wesi moqalaqes avaldebulebda TviTon ewarmoebina Zieba, dacva, saqmis aRZvra, mowmis mowveva. momCivani da mopasuxec TviTon unda gamosuliyo sityviT, mogvianebiT sasamarTloSi warmosaTqmel sityvas gamocdil ritors awerinebdnen, romelTac “logografosebs” eZaxdnen.

oratorul xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi didia sofistebis wvlilic. maTi azriT, adamianis yvela warmodgena SefardebiTia. protagora ambobda: “adamiania yoveli sagnis sazomi, arsebulTa, ramdenadac isini arseboben da ararsebulTa, ramdenadac isini ar arseboben”... (1) am moZRvrebam sagangebo roli mianiWa ritorikul xerxebs, romelTa saSualebiT SeiZleboda damajereblad laparaki. sofistebi aswavlidnen TavianT mowafeebs, Tu rogor daesabuTebinaT yovelgvari, Tundac mcdari debuleba.

oratoruli xelovnebis antikuri Teoritikosebi da TviTon oratorebic mWermetyvelebaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevdnen or mxares: Sinaarss da formas. maTi azriT, oratoruli xelovnebis arsebiTi mxareebia:

• 
  RirsSesaniSnavi Sinaarsi
  
• 
  kazmuli forma
  
• 
  damarwmunebeli azri
  
• 
  gamometyvelebiTi Sesruleba
  

amaTgan umTavresi mainc Sinaarsobrivi mxarea. platoni kicxavs oratoruli xelovnebis imgvar gagebas, romlis mixedviT mTavaria garegnuli mxatvruloba sityvisa, romelic ar pasuxobs saqmis arss da mxedvelobidan gamorCeba mTavari da arsebiTi. oratori ar unda aRviqvaT, rogorc mxolod “lamazad da mimzidvelad molaparake adamiani. garegnuli silamaze, romelic ase ityvevebs zogierTebs, TavisTavad arafris Semcvelia”. (1) fuWia mWermetyveleba, Tu is emsaxureba mxolod siamovnebas, garTobas. platonis azriT, sityvis warmoTqmis dros oratorma unda gadasdos msmenelebs Tavisi Sinagani mRelvareba, unda warsdges xalxis winaSe, e.i. mis sityvas unda hqondes sazogadoebrivi, sajaro xasiaTi, unda hqondes garkveuli mizani, romliskenac miiswrafvis TviTon da romliskenac unda, rom warmarTos msmenelebi. oratorisTvis mTavaria, daarwmunos auditoria, ganawyos xalxi Tavis sasargeblod, daanaxos is, rasac ver xedavs sazogadoeba da xedavs oratori.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas oratoruli xelovnebis sakiTxebs uTmobs aristotele, romelmac am sakiTxebs sagangebo traqtati uZRvna. misi “ritorika” oratoruli xelovnebis Teoriuli principebis ganmsazRvreli naSromia, romelSic aristotele iziarebs ra winamorbed ritorTa mosazrebebs, xazs usvams Sinaarsobrivi mxaris mniSvnelobas da, amasTanave, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs formasac, kerZod stilis sakiTxs.

aristorele Tavis “ritorikaSi” oratorul stilTan dakavSirebiT wers: “ar aris sakmarisi imis codna, rac unda iTqvas, aucilebelia agreTve ise iTqvas, rogorc saWiroa”... (2)

oratoris metyveleba, aristoteles azriT, paTetikuri unda iyos: ”msmeneli mudam TanaugrZnobs grZnobiT metyvel orators, maSinac ki Tu is arafers ambobs mniSvnelovans”... (2)

aristotele exeba oratoruli sityvis agebis konkretul xerxebsac. sityva ise unda aigos, rom gaTvaliswinebuli iyos moulodnelobis efeqti. mimzidvelia roca saqme gvaqvs sityvis “moulodnel mobrunebasTan”, msmenlis erTgvar “motyuebasTan”, roca igi elis erTs da eubnebiT meores. amiT iqmneba efeqturoba.

Zveli oratorebi miuTiTeben oratoris sam movaleobaze: aswavle, moawone, aaRelve. oratoris mTavari movaleobaa damoZRvra, STagoneba, swavleba. am miznis misaRwevad aris swored saWiro mowoneba da aRelveba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel ritorTa mtkicebiT mTavaria Sinaarsi, aranaklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba am Sinaarsis gadmocemis formas, gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs, kerZod imas, Tu rogor miewodeba msmenels is saTqmeli, rac, oratoris azriT, mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia. ra? da rogor?_ai, is ori mxare, rac gansazRvravs oratoruli xelovnebis arss. ra_esaa Sinaarsi, azri, idea, saTqmeli, romelSic unda daarwmunos oratorma msmeneli. rogor_es aris gamoxatvis saSualeba, forma riTac oratorma unda SeZlos miznis miRweva. e.i. man ise unda aagos sityva, rom moewonos msmenels, ganawyos is misTvis sasurveli azris misaRebad da moZraobaSi moiyvanos im ideis xorcSesasxmelad, romelsac qadagebs. amisTvis saWiroa ramdenime pirobis dacva.

1. 
   SeirCes sityvis Tqmis dro
   
2. 
   SeirCes sityvis Tqmis adgili
   
3. 
   oratori unda iyos Zlier aRelvebul mdgomareobaSi, maSin is Tavisi saqmis Sesaxeb ver ilaparakebs duned da mosawyenad. is STagonebuli unda iyos, e.i. sityva unda iyos paTetikuri. paTosis gareSe warmoudgenelia oratoruli metyveleba.
   
4. 
   oratoris stili unda iyos daxvewili, mkafio, naTeli. roca metyveleba bundovania, is ver aRwevs mizans. stili unda Seesatyvisebodes saubris sagans.
   
5. 
   msmenelze zemoqmedebisTvis oratorma unda gamoiyenos yvelanairi saSualeba: Jesti, mimika, pauza, replika, xmis qceva da a.S.
   

antikuri saberZneTis gamoCenil oratorTa rigebSi dganan: gorgia leontieli, lisia, isokrate, demosTene.

gorgia leontieli sicilieli filosofosi iyo. igi 429 wels Tanamoqalaqeebma aTenSi elCad gagzavnes, rom sirakuzis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi maTTvis daxmareba eTxova. sicilieli elCis sityva saocar STabeWdilebas axdenda msmenelze. gorgias sityvis Sinaarsze metad misi forma aintersebda. mTavari iyo msmenlis darwmuneba da ara WeSmariteba. aTenSi man didi avtoriteti moipova. gorgia mibaZvis obieqti gaxda. igi aTenSi darCa da axalgazrdebs ritorikas aswavlida. “WeSmariteba ar aris arsad, yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor daarwmuneb. darwmunebis xerxebi umTavresia”_ ambobda gorgia, (1) rasac ar eTanxmeba platoni. misi azriT, oratori WeSmaritebis codniT unda iyos aRWurvili, igi filosofosic unda iyos.

lisia mdidari sirakuzelis Svili iyo da mTeli cxovreba cdilobda, aTenis moqalaqeobis ufleba moepovebina, magram amaod. roca aTenSi demokratia oligarqiam Secvala, lisias devna dauwyes, radgn is demokratiis aRdgenisaTvis mebrZolT emxroboda, amitom lisia iZulebuli gaxda, aTenidan gaqceuliyo. gaRaribebulma lisiam xeli mohkida logografosobas. man moigo sasamarTlo Tavisi Zmis mkvlelis winaaRmdeg, ramac saxeli gauTqva. lisias mier sxvebisTvis dawerili 425 sityvidan Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod 34-ma.

isokrate mdidari aToneli iyo, fleitebis fabrikis mepatronis Svili, gorgias moswavle da pirdapiri memkvidre sofisturi saganmanaTleblo sistemisa. igi jer logografosobda, Semdeg ki ritorikis skola gaxsna da sakuTari programac SeimuSava ritorTa mosamzadeblad: misi skola aZlevda moqalaqeebs ara codnaTa jams, aramed codnis sargeblobis xelovnebas, gasaRebs adamianuri kulturisas. isokrate Tavis Tavs uwodebda filosofoss, magram es sityva mas esmoda sxvagvarad, vidre sokrates da platons. amitom moRvaweobis is gasaRebi, rac platonisTvis iyo WeSmariteba, isokratesaTvis gaxda sityva. misi azriT, mWermetyveli adamiani Tavis gamosvlis avtoritets ganamtkicebda pirovnebis avtoritetiT. rogorc oratori, isokrate maRali stilis Semqmneli da prozauli periodis damxvewia. man daamkvidra oratorul sityvebSi brZnuli gamonaTqvamebis gamoyeneba.

Zveli romaelebi amtkicebdnen da samarTlianadac: poetebad ibadebian, oratorebad ki xdebiano. Tu survili da unari gaqvs, saTanado muSaobis Sedegad SeiZleba oratori gaxde, magram survils saTanado safuZveli unda hqondes. gansacvifrebel magaliTs, Tu ra SeuZlia adamianis Sromas, daJinebasa da xasiaTs oratorad gaxdomis saqmeSi, iZleva demosTene. uZlurma, enaCleqiam, sustxmianma mravali warumateblobisa da dacinvis Semdeg, xangrZlivi varjiSis gziT mainc miaRwia imas, rom gaxda yvela drois udidesi oratori.

demosTene – saxelganTqmuli berZeni oratori da politikuri moRvawe iaraRis saxelosnos mdidari ostatis Svili iyo, Svidi wlisas daoblda. Tavisi moRvaweoba demosTenem logografosobiT daiwyo. sxevebisTvis werda warmosaTqmel sityvebs, aswavlida ritorikas, monawileobda sasamarTlo procesebSi.

demosTene Tavis sityvaSi “gvirgvinis Sesaxeb” ambobs: “Rirebulebas warmoadgens oratoris sityva ara TavisTavad, da arc JRera misi xmisa, aramed is, Tu raoden iziarebs igi xalxis gulisnadebs da ramdenad sZuls an uyvars adamianebi iseve, rogorc samSoblo”... (6)

demosTenem gansakuTrebiT gaiTqva saxeli filipe II makedonelis agresiuli zraxvebis samxileblad warmoTqmuli sityvebiT, romelsac “filipikebi” ewoda. pirveli “filipikis” warmoTqmisTanave igi gaxda aTenis faqtobrivi xelmZRvaneli da antimakedonuri partiis beladi.

demosTenes “filipikebi” miCneulia oratoruli xelovnebis Sedevrebad. mis sityvebSi gamoyenebulia darwmunebis, dasabuTebis xerxebi, dapirispireba, ritorikuli SekiTxvebi, magram rogorc aRniSnaven, dawerili “filipikebi” mxolod susti anareklia zepirad warmoTqmulisa.

filipes sikvdilis Semdeg man aleqsandres winaamRdeg gaagrZela “sityviT brZola”. aTenSi aleqsandres Semosvlamde demosTene aTenidan gaiqca. aleqsandrem aTenelebisgan erT-erT pirobad swored demosTenes gadacema moiTxova. devnilma demosTenem, mtrebs rom ar Cavardnoda xelSi, mowamluli lerwmis kalami daReWa da Tavi moikla. mis saflavze berZnebma aseTi epitafia amokveTes: “rogori gonieric iyavi, iseTi Ronieric rom yofiliyavi Sen, demosTene, maSin eladas makedoniis omis RmerTi ver daipyrobda.”... (1)

antikuri kulturis TvalsaCino moRvawe, iuristi, mravali sajaro sityvis, filosofiuri nawarmoebisa da publicisturi werilis avtori, romis udidesi politikuri oratori iyo markus tulius ciceroni. cicieronis pirovnebisa da moRvaweobis mdidar masalas warmoadgens misi farTo miwer_mowera, agreTve mravalricxovani sityvebi da sxvadasxva Sinaarsis traqtatebi.

ciceroni aTenSi cnobili ritoris apoloniosis mowafe iyo. erTxel berZnulad warmoTqmuli savarjiSo sityvis Semdeg, ciceroni msmenelebma didi taSiT daajildoves.marto apoloniosi dumda. bolos dafiqrebulma mimarTa: “beds davtiri, aSkarad vxedav, rom Seni wyalobiT romaelTa xelSi gadadis ganaTleba da mWermetyvelebac_es erTaderTi upiratesoba, rac dResdReobiT SemogvrCa mraval mSvenierebaTagan”(1). momxiblavi metyveleba did daxmarebas uwevda cicerons msmenelis darwmunebaSi.

ciceronis saxelganTqmuli Tanamedrove kvintiliani exeboda ciceronis oratorobas, aRniSnavda: ,,zecam gamogzavna dedamiwaze ciceroni imisaTvis, rom masSi moeca magaliTi, Tu ra didad moqmedebs sityvis Zlireba”... (3)

momxiblavi metyveleba did daxmarebas uwevda cicerons msmenelis darwmunebaSi. ar momwonso,_ ambobs didi oratori,_roca bgerebs warmoTqvamen metismeti xazgasmiT an bundovnad, gaugebrad, an susti, momakvdavi xmiT, an zedmeti xmauriT. is oratorebi, romlebic xmamaRali yviriliT cdiloben fons gasvlas, ciceronis azriT, dasacinni arian. isini uZlurebis gamo iseve cdiloben gavidnen fons yviriliT, rogorc koWli adamiani cxenis daxmarebiT.

romaeli oratori, garda praqtikuli oratoruli moRvaweobisa, riTac man didi saxeli moixveWa romSi, oratorul xelovnebis Teoritikosic iyo. “oratoris udidesi Rirsebaa ara marto Tqma imisa, rac saWiroa, aramed uTqmelobac imisa, rac araa saTqmeli” – ambobda igi. (5)

ciceroni ayalibebs ritorikis ZiriTad principebs:

• 
  mWermetyvelia is, vinc sajaro gamosvlisas msmenels mianiWebs tkbobas da daarwmunebs mas.
  
• 
  WeSmariti oratoria is, visac SeuZlia Cveulebrivi ambis Sesaxeb ilaparakos ubralod. diadis Sesaxeb – amaRlebulad, saSualos Sesaxeb – saSualo stiliT.
  
• 
  saukeTeso oratori isaa, vinc Tavisi sityviT msmenels aswavlis, aniWebs siamovnebas da axdens masze did STabeWdilebas.
  
• 
  aswavlo – movaleobaa oratorisa.
  
• 
  moaxdino Zlieri STabeWdileba – es ki aucilebelia.
  

ciceroni svams kiTxvas: ratom aris, rom mWermetyvelebiT dakavebulia Zalian bevri, magram warmatebas aRweven erTeulebi – da TviTonve pasuxobs - imitom rom mWermetyveleba urTulesi xelovnebaa, radgan oratorisgan moiTxivs did codnas. amis Semeg ismis meore kiTxva: raSi mdgomareobs mWemetyvelebis namdvili dideba? – esaa adamianuri Zalis udidesi gamovlineba, safuZveli sazogadoebriv da kerZo keTildReobisa.

oratoruli xelovneba warmatebiT viTardeboda elinistur xanaSic. am dros moRvawe ritorTa Soris saukeTesod miiCnevian Temistiosi da libaniosi. Temistioss, rogorc misi erT-erTi sityvidan Cans, IV saukunis Sua wlebSi kolxeTSi, dRevandeli foTis maxloblad, fazisis saxelganTqmul ritorikul skolaSi miuRia ganaTleba. fazisis ritorikulma skolam didad Seuwyo xeli saqarTveloSi oratoruli xelovnebis ganviTarebas. amaze metyvelebs kolxeTis mefis, gubazis, warCinebuli kolxi oratorebis, aietisa da fartazis sityvebi, romlebic aRiarebulia qarTuli mWermetyvelebis brwyinvale nimuSebad.

rogorc vxedavT, antikuri epoqis moazrovneni wamyvan faqtorad miiCneven oratoruli sityvis Sinaarss, amave dros, aranakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen sityvis formalur mxares, im gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebas, romlebic msmenels esTetikur siamovnebas aniWebs. antikur mWermetyvelebas hqonda didi avtoriteti da gamocdileba sityviT xalxze zemoqmedebisa. Zvel saberZneTSic da romSic sityvis Tqmis xelovneba erTerTi dawinaurebuli da kargad ganviTarebuli dargi iyo. am saqmes emsaxureboda antikuri ritorika Tavisi TeoriebiTa da skolebiT. Zveli berZnebi da romaelebi amayobdnen saxelovani oratorebiT da ritorebiT.