Xelisufleba da sazogadoeba (istoria, Teoria, praqtika)” Scientific magazine “authority and society

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. 
   e. xaxutaSvili, l. kapanaZe. sazogadoebasTan urTierToba. Tb., 2007.
   
2. 
   v. Wiaureli, s. lominaZe, r. strelkova. sazogadoebrivi urTier­Tobebis ZiriTadi principebi, Tb., teqnikuri universiteti, 2006.
   
3. 
   sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samagido enciklopedia `cotne~, Tb., 2006.
   
4. 
   xelisufleba da sazogadoeba. #3, 2007.
   
5. 
   Entwicklung von Public Relations als Spiegel der ökonomischen und sozialen Prozesse in Osteuropa. Universität Bremen, 2002.
   

Summary

Sergo Lominadze

SOCIAL-PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF PR-ACTIVITIES
The social-philosophical basis of PR-activities is considered in the article. It is marked that reduction of PR-activities to communications doesn’t reflect significant aspects of PR. Social aspects have great importance in manifold PR-activities. Knowledge of dialectic, its categories, forms and contents, whole and parts let us open deeply sense of PR. It is important to keep principles of ethics and social responsibilities in PR-activities. Importance of PR in the context of changing social perception and culture is also emphasized. PR-activities help to solve social-philosophical problems of society.


Резюме

Серго Ломинадзе

Социально-философские аспекты PR- деятельности
В статье рассматриваются социально-философские аспекты PR-деятельности. Отмечается, что редукция PR-деятельности к коммуникации не отражает важных аспектов PR. В статье подчеркивается, что в многообразной PR-деятельности особое значение имеют социальные аспекты. Понимание диалектики, содержания и формы, части и целого позволяет глубже раскрыть сущность PR. Показывается, что в PR-деятельности важно соблюдать принцип этики и социальной ответственности. Подчеркивается значимость PR в изменении общественного сознания и культуры. PR –деятельность помогает решать социально-философские проблемы общества.

Logic is a very effective tool for persuading an audience about the accuracy of an argument. However, people are not always persuaded by logic. Sometimes audiences are not persuaded because they have used values or emotions instead of logic to reach conclusions. But just as often, audiences have reached a different logical conclusion by using different premises. Therefore, arguments must often spend as much time convincing audiences of the legitimacy of the premises as the legitimacy of the conclusions.

For instance, assume a writer was using the following logic to convince an audience to adopt a smaller government:

Premise 1: The government that governs best, governs least.
Premise 2: The government I am proposing does very little governing.
Conclusion: Therefore, the government I am proposing is best.

Some members of the audience may be persuaded by this logic. However, other members of the audience may follow this logic instead:

Premise 1: The government that governs best, governs most.
Premise 2: The government proposed by the speaker does very little governing.
Conclusion: Therefore, the government proposed by the speaker is bad.

Because they adhere to a different logical sequence, these members of the audience will not be persuaded to change their minds logically until they are persuaded to different values through other means besides logic. See the handout on rhetorical tactics for more information on non-logical persuasion.

In order to understand what an argument is, one must understand what a fallacy is. Very briefly, an argument consists of one or more premises and one conclusion. A premise is a statement (a sentence that is either true or false) that is offered in support of the claim being made, which is the conclusion (which is also a sentence that is either true or false). A fallacy is, very generally, an error in reasoning. This differs from a factual error, which is simply being wrong about the facts. To be more specific, a fallacy is an "argument" in which the premises given for the conclusion do not provide the needed degree of support. A deductive fallacy is a deductive argument that is invalid. An inductive fallacy is less formal than a deductive fallacy. They are simply "arguments" which appear to be inductive arguments, but the premises do not provided enough support for the conclusion. In such cases, even if the premises were true, the conclusion would not be more likely to be true.

Slippery slope: This is a conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will happen, too, basically equating A and Z. So, if we don't want Z to occur, A must not be allowed to occur either. Example: “If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the environment eventually the government will ban all cars, so we should not ban Hummers”. In this example the author is equating banning Hummers with banning all cars, which is not the same thing.

Hasty Generalization: This is a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words, you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts. Example: “Even though it's only the first day, I can tell this is going to be a boring course”. In this example the author is basing their evaluation of the entire course on only one class, and on the first day which is notoriously boring and full of housekeeping tasks for most courses. To make a fair and reasonable evaluation the author must attend several classes, and possibly even examine the textbook, talk to the professor, or talk to others who have previously finished the course in order to have sufficient evidence to base a conclusion on.

Post hoc ergo propter hoc: This is a conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A.' Example: “I drank bottled water and now I am sick, so the water must have made me sick”. In this example the author assumes that if one event chronologically follows another the first event must have caused the second. But the illness could have been caused by the burrito the night before, a flu bug that had been working on the body for days, or a chemical spill across campus. There is no reason, without more evidence, to assume the water caused the person to be sick.

Genetic Fallacy: A conclusion is based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature, or worth. Example: “The Volkswagen Beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by Hitler's army”. In this example the author is equating the character of a car with the character of the people who built the car. However, the two are not inherently related.

Begging the Claim: The conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim. Example: “Filthy and polluting coal should be banned”. Arguing that coal pollutes the earth and thus should be banned would be logical. But the very conclusion that should be proved, that coal causes enough pollution to warrant banning its use, is already assumed in the claim by referring to it as "filthy and polluting."

Circular Argument: This restates the argument rather than actually proving it. Example: “He is a good communicator because he speaks effectively”. In this example the conclusion that he is a "good communicator" and the evidence used to prove it "he speaks effectively" are basically the same idea. Specific evidence such as using everyday language, breaking down complex problems, or illustrating his points with humorous stories would be needed to prove either half of the sentence.

Either/or: This is a conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides or choices. Example: “We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth”. In this example where two choices are presented as the only options, yet the author ignores a range of choices in between such as developing cleaner technology, car sharing systems for necessities and emergencies, or better community planning to discourage daily driving.

Ad hominem: This is an attack on the character of a person rather than their opinions or arguments. Example: “Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty, lazy hippies”. In this example the author doesn't even name particular strategies Green Peace has suggested, much less evaluate those strategies on their merits. Instead, the author attacks the characters of the individuals in the group.

Ad populum: This is an emotional appeal that speaks to positive (such as patriotism, religion, democracy) or negative (such as terrorism or fascism) concepts rather than the real issue at hand. Example: “If you were a true American you would support the rights of people to choose whatever vehicle they want”. In this example the author equates being a "true American," a concept that people want to be associated with, particularly in a time of war, with allowing people to buy any vehicle they want even though there is no inherent connection between the two.

Red Herring: This is a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them. Example: “The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but what will fishers do to support their families”. In this example the author switches the discussion away from the safety of the food and talks instead about an economic issue, the livelihood of those catching fish. While one issue may effect the other it does not mean we should ignore possible safety issues because of possible economic consequences to a few individuals.

Straw Man: This move oversimplifies an opponent's viewpoint and then attacks that hollow argument. Example: “ People who don't support the proposed state minimum wage increase hate the poor”. In this example the author attributes the worst possible motive to an opponent's position. In reality, however, the opposition probably has more complex and sympathetic arguments to support their point. By not addressing those arguments, the author is not treating the opposition with respect or refuting their position.

Moral Equivalence: This fallacy compares minor misdeeds with major atrocities. Example: “That parking attendant who gave me a ticket is as bad as Hitler”. In this example the author is comparing the relatively harmless actions of a person doing their job with the horrific actions of Hitler. This comparison is unfair and inaccurate.

Logical fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim. Avoid these common fallacies in your own arguments and watch for them in the arguments of others.

reziume

maia CxeiZe

logikuri argumentebis konstruirebis problema
komunikaciis efeqturobas sxvadsxva faqtori gansazRvravs. erT-erTi maTgani komunikaciaSi koreqtuli deduqciuri da induqciuri argumentebis gamoyenebaa. argumentis koreqtuloba gulisxmobs mis vargisianobas, sxva sityvebiT, mis realurobasa da safuZvlianobas. rogor unda Sefasedes argumenti? ra aris misi vargisianobis mtkicebuleba? rogor unda SevamowmoT da davrwmundeT, rom argumenti efeqturia?

logika warmoadgens argumentis vargisianobis gansazRvris yvelaze efeqtur saSualebas. logikuri argumentis konstruireba gulisxmobs rogorc formis, ise Sinaarsis mixedviT efeqturi argumentis konstruirebas.

Резюме__Майа_Чхеидзе__Проблема_конструирования_логических_арнументов'>Резюме

Майа Чхеидзе

Проблема конструирования логических арнументов
Эффективность коммуникации определяется различными факторами. Одним из них является использование корректных First we'll take a quick look at inductive arguments. Inductive arguments try to give you reason to believe that something is probably true, or most likely true. Here's an example of an inductive argument:индуктивных и дедуктивный аргументов в коммуникации. Корректность аргумента подразумевает его годность, другими словами, его действительность и основательность. Как оценить аргументы? Что является доказательством их годности? Как проверить и убедиться в том, что они эффектны?

Логика является самым эффектным инструментом определения годности аргумента. Конструирование логических аргументов подразумевает конструирование эффектных аргументов, другими словами, аргументов, эффектных как по форме, так и по содержанию.

To effectively communicate, we should realize that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with others.

Verbal Communication involves the sending and receiving messages between and among the participants in the group.  The verbal language is intellectual and suitable for transmitting information in a sophisticated manner.

The power of language is a broad term used to describe some of the functions language can have. Language can provide a way to influence people’s behaviours and attitudes.  People usually use forms of persuasion and argumentation in order to carry out their attempts at influencing people.  The process of persuasion relies on facts and logic to accomplish its goals.  Now, facts and logic must change to the situation and language will be the basis for that change.

In small and large organizational units there does exist an order of power or hierarchy.  When a person enacts their influence and control on to a person who has to obey, feelings of resentment can occur within the group causing interpersonal conflict.

  The process of persuasion is the use of language to persuade, issue an order, make a request and so on.  Persuasion is a goal oriented ideal because the persuader is attempting to change what the other person is doing or saying.  Although nonverbal factors play a role in persuasion, such as physical appearance, the basic premise for persuasion is that the proposal has to be in linguistic form.

Ice breakers play a very important role in small group communication.  The sole purpose of an ice breaker is to get the members of the group to relax and participate in group discussions.

 Examples of some Ice Breakers include the following:
 What person in your life has most influenced you?
 What is something you want people to remember about you?
 If you could make one wish that would come true, what would it be?
 What is one thing you would like to accomplish in your lifetime?
 Who would you lend $500 no questions asked?
 What is something you want to see before you die?
 Have you ever had something stolen?

In order for language to accomplish the users goals there must be different ways to express their ideas, goals, wants and needs within the group.

 The instrumental function of language can be used to express what a person wants or needs.  “I want.”

The regulatory function of language can be used to instruct somebody or to maintain order within the group.  “Do as I tell you.”

The interactional function of language is the exchange of dialogue between people within the group.  “Me and You.”

The personal function of language is used to inform someone of your intentions within the group.  “Here I come.”

The heristic function of language is used to question something within the group.  "Tell me why.”  
The informative function of language is used to relate information to the group.  “I have something to say.”

Miscommunication is a problem that may occur in a group. That group must then be able to deal with the miscommunication. Three types of miscommunication are misunderstanding, non-understanding and misinterpretation.

Misunderstanding is when one group member gains an interpretation that he/she believes is accurate, but in reality is not the interpretation the speaker intended the listener to gain.

Non-understanding is when a group member either does not gain any interpretation at all, or gains more than one interpretation with no way to choose between them.

Misinterpretation is when the interpretation of a group member’s statement suggests that his/her values and beliefs are different from the other group members values and beliefs.  

Miscommunication can occur in anything that communication is used in.  Some good examples can be found in ads that you would find in newspapers and magazines. 

 Dog for sale: eats anything and is fond of children.
 Tired of cleaning yourself?  Let me do it.
 Stock up and save.  Limit: one.
 Used Cars: Why go elsewhere to be cheated?  Come here first!
 Wanted.  Man to take care of cow that does not smoke or drink.

Our experienced Mom will care for your child.  Fenced yard, meals, and smacks included.

Illiterate?  Write today for help.

Miscommunication can also be found in quotes of people in the media.

“I am a jelly doughnut”- English translation of John F. Kennedy speaking at the  Berlin Wall. “Nixon has been sitting in the White House while George McGovern has been exposing himself to the people of the United States."- Frank Licht, then governor of Rhode Island, campaigning for McGovern in 1972.

Misleading words are used by speakers in order to mislead their listeners into believing only a part or none of an actual message.

Devious messages require the use of indirectness in order to escape from embarrassing questions.  The idea is to satisfy the questioner without responding with a yes or no.

Lying and evasion can be classified as deceptive communication. This deceptive communication acts as a way for the speaker to hide their actual beliefs or actions.  By using lying and evasion the speaker gains some power over the listeners because he/she has obscured the true beliefs or actions.

Words that bypass critical thought are used to misdirect attention while at the same time achieving the speaker’s goals.  By using these words the speaker can convey his/her message without it being examined.

Evocative words have the ability to evoke a very precise structure of beliefs, values, or emotions.  These are often loaded words that when provide a very strong response in the direction of that person’s beliefs and values.

  Improving communication skills is a vital part of being a group member.  By improving your communication skills you will be able to make it easier for others in the group to interpret your remarks as you intended.

When listeners appear bored, or inattentive, you may have talked too long. You should state your ideas as simply and briefly as possible.  When you talk too long it reduces the opportunity for others to speak and causes members to tune out the speaker.

You should not contribute more than one idea at a time. A several point speech is out because the group can only discuss one point at a time. If you attempt to give all the information on an issue, the group will not be able to follow you and respond meaningfully.

A good pattern to follow when in a group discussion is as follows, relate your contribution to what has already been said, state your idea, develop and support it with evidence, and connect it to the topic or phase of the problem being discussed.

reziume

maia CxeiZe

efeqturi verbaluri komunikaciis problema
adamianebi gamoxataven TavianT ideebs, miznebs, survilebsa da moTxovnilebebs enis meSveobiT. imisaTvis rom efeqturad vurTierTobdeT, unda gavacnobieroT, rom Cven ganvsxvavdebiT erTmaneTisagan samyaros aRqmis TvalsazrisiT. swored am Tvalsazriss viyenebT adamianebTan urTierTobaSi. ena, SesaZloa, iqces adamianTa qcevasa da maT Sexedulebebze zegavlenis saSualebad. adamianebi, rogorc wesi, iyeneben efeqturi komunikaciis teqnologiebs, raTa gavlena moaxdinon sxvebze. darwmunebis procesi efuZneba faqtebsa da logikas.

Резюме

Майа Чхеидзе

Проблема эффективной вербальной коммуникации
Люди выражают свои идеи, цели, желания и потребности при помощи языка. Чтобы эффективно общаться, мы должны осознать, что мы разные в том, как мы воспринимаем мир и используем это понимание для нашего общения с другими людьми. Язык может стать способом влияния на поведение людей and attitudes.  People usually use forms of persuasion and argumentation in order to и на их взгляды. Люди, как правило, используют технологии эффективной коммуникации с тем, чтобы повлиять на других. Процесс убеждения опирается на факты и логику.facts and logic to accomplish its goals.  Now, facts and logic must change tcarry out their attempts at influencing people.  The process of persuasion relies on

adamianis ganaTleba misi zrdis, misi pirovnuli Tvisebebis Camoylibebis mTel process moicavs. cxadia, cneba ganaTleba adamianis oficialur saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi swavliT ar Semoifargleba. is sul swavlobs, swavlobs da sakuTar Tvalsazriss ayalibebs sxva adamianebis, zogadad, samyarosa da masSi moqmedi bunebis kanonebis Sesaxeb. es uwyveti procesia da aSkaraa, rom oficialuri swavleba am procesis mxolod erTi nawilia.

bibliis Tanaxmad, yovelgvari swavla-ganaTleba anu sibrZne uflismieria da adamianebs igi RmerTisgan eZlevaT, amitom codnis daufleba, anu swavlis mizani RmerTis saqmeTa wvdomaa, RmerTis gangebulebiTve: “... uflis SiSia sibrZne da borotisagan ganridebaa goneba (iob. 28:28). amdenad, radgan goniereba borotisagan gamijvnas niSnavs, igi sikeTe yofila, romelic uflis mcnebaTa Secnoba-SesrulebiT miiRweva, amitom “netaria adamiani sibrZnis mpovneli da adamiani – Wkuis momxveWeli!” (igav. 3:13) (3)

saukuneebis manZilze amierkavkasiis qveynebi da maT Soris saqarTvelo Zlieri mezobeli saxelmwifoebis yuradRebis centrSi iyvnen. am faqts, erTi mxriv, qveynis ekonomikuri Zliereba da bunebrivi simdidre, xolo meore mxriv, samxedro-strategiuli TvalsazrisiT xelsayreli mdebareoba ganapirobebda. amitom saqarTvelos yovelTvis uxdeboda sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg brZola da maTgan Tavdacva. saqarTvelo nebiT Tu uneblied odiTganve eziara aRmosavlur da dasavlur kulturul mimdinareobebs, romelTa ganviTarebaSi Tavadac Sehqonda garkveuli wvlili. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli roli wina aziis da saberZneTis teritoriaze aRmocenebulma qarTuli kulturis kerebma Seasrules.

qarTveli filosofosebi cnobilni iyvnen, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise wina aziur Tu berZnul samyaroSi. aseTi iyo magaliTad, 3-4 saukuneSi moRvawe bakuri, romlis saxiTac farTo erudiciis mqone neoplatonuri mimarTulebis filosofosi warmogvidgeba, me-5 saukuneSi moRvawe petre iberi, romelmac garkveuli mimdinareobis skola Seqmna siriaSi.

petre iberis siriul skolasTan iyvnen dakavSirebuli me-6 saukunis saqarTveloSi Semobrunebuli asureli mamebi, romlebic Teologiur-filosofiuri codniT iyvnen aRWurvilni. saqarTveloSi Semosvlis Semdeg maTi saqmianoba qristianobis ganmtkicebas isaxavda miznad.

uxsovari droidan saqarTveloSi Seiqmna saswavlo-samecniero dawesebulebani, romlebmac kavSiri daamyares sxva qveynebis analogiur centrebTan. III-IV saukuneebSi qalaq fazisSi (foTSi) yofila filosofiur-ritorikuli akademia, romlis arseboba viciT berZnebisagan, radgan CvenTan waSlilia misi yoveli literaturuli kvali. kolxeTis akademiaSi “ritorikuli ganaTleba” miuRiaT berZen filosofosebs mama-Svils evgeniossa da Temistioss. erTaderTi cnoba akademiis Sesaxeb Temistiosis werilSia daculi; Tu ra enaze mimdinareobda swavleba, samwuxarod, araferia naTqvami rogorc akad. s. yauxCiSvili aRniSnavs “raki foTis maxloblad iseTi ritorikuli skola moipoveboda, sadac bizantiidan warmogzavnili, axalgazrdebi swavlobdnen, TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom kolxeTis teritoriaze saswavlebeli daarsebuli iqneboda ara marto ucxoelebisaTvis, aramed pirvel rigSi adgilobrivi kolxebisaTvis”. (1)

saqarTveloSi filosofiuri codnis miRebis ZvelTaganve arsebuli tradicia qristianobis damkvidrebis Semdeg periodSic grZeldeba, magram amieridan igi Teologiis saburvelSia gaxveuli da mis samsaxurSi Cayenebuli.

Tavdapirvelad kolxeTsa da qarTlSi iseTi specifikuri skolebi, romlebSic SesaZlebeli iqneboda qristes moZRvrebis swavleba da gavrceleba, ar arsebobda. qristianuli swavlebis iaraRad gamoiyeneboda: mqadagebelTa cocxali sityva, piradi magaliTi da qristianuli ojaxis saTno cxovrebis wesi. qristianuli ojaxi, romelic misdevda ieso qristes da mociqulTa swavlebas, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda WeSmaritebasTan ziarebis da aRzrdis erTaderT skolad.

qarTlis cxovrebaSi daculia cnobebi vaxtang gorgaslis aRzrdis Sesaxeb – “Semdgomad amisa moxada mefeman yovelTa warCinebulTa qalaqad, da dReTa mravalTa yo puroba da gancxroma, da evedrebodes yovelni RmerTsa aRzrdisaTvis yrmisa vaxtangisasa. moiTxova mefisagan sazrdod saurmag spaspetman vaxtang, didiTa vedrebiTa, xolo mianiWa mefeman da misca Ze misi vaxtang saurmags spaspetsa sazrdod. rameTu wesi iyo, romel Svilni mefeTani warCinebulTa saxlsa Sina aRizardian”.(1) es wesi saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan Cans gavrcelebuli. aseT aRmzrdels, romelTanac Svils gaabarebdnen “mamaZuZe” erqva, mis movaleobas mibarebuli bavSvis aRzrdaze meTvalyureoba Seadgenda.

saqarTveloSi qristianobis oficialur religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg swavleba ZiriTadad eklesia-monastrebTan warmoebda, romelTa daarsebam xeli Seuwyo qristianuli rwmenis gavrcelebas. swored eklesiebi gaxdnen is adgilebi, sadac mosaxleoba axali religiis – qristianobis Sesaxeb codnas iRebda. qristianuli swavlebis gavrcelebis erT-erT organizebul formad kaTakmevelTa skolebi iqcnen, romlebic qristianuli samyaros pirvel saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebad iTvlebian. qarTuli marTlmadidebluri skola, rogorc uZvelesi samociqulo eklesiis Semadgeneli nawili, kanonierad iTvleboda uZvelesi qristianuli skolebis memkvidred. amitom is WeSmariti suliereba, romelic gzas unaTebda Cvens eklesias saukuneebis manZilze, qarTuli qristianuli ganaTlebis mtkice safuZveli unda iyos amJamad da momavalSic.

qristianobam gansakuTrebuli gavlena iqonia saqarTvelos istoriis oriaTaswlovan monakveTSi momavali Taobis aRzrda-ganviTarebaze, saerTod skolis da pedagogikuri azris ganviTarebaze. saqarTvelom, radgan ganviTarebis mTavar orientirad qristianoba airCia misi gavlena ganmsazRvreli gaxda sazogadoebisaTvis, amitomac aRmoCnda igi momavali Taobebis aRzrda-ganaTlebis safuZvelTaA-safuZveli. qarTuli aRzrda-ganaTlebis sistema qristianuli religiis wiaRSi viTardeboda da misi warmmarTveli qvakuTxedi Zveli da axali aRTqma iyo.

saqarTveloSi qristianobis damkvidrebis Semdgomi xanidan, vidre me-10-11 saukuneebamde aRzrdis procesSi ZiriTadi saswavlo sagnebi iyo “qarTuli mwignobroba, risTvisac ZiriTadad himnografiuli Janris Txzulebebi gamoiyeneboda, Teologia, filosofia, himnografia, liturgika (eklesia-monastrebTan arsebul skolebSi), ucxo ena, an enebi, saqarTvelos da sazRvargareTis qveynebis mokle istoria da bolos moZRvreba adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb.

saswavlod gankuTvnili saxelmZRvaneloebi jer kidev asureli mamebis dros iwereboda. magaliTad, Sio mRvimelis originaluri saxelmZRvanelo wigni dauweria Tavisi moswavleebisaTvis, roca “raTa misces maT swavlani mis mierni”. maSin “aRuwera maT” Siom “as samoci Tavis swavla‡ yovlad mSvenieri da tkbili, romliTa ganiswavleboda yovelni igi krebulni”. (1)

me-9-10 saukuneebis Satberdis krebuli erTgvar warmodgenas qmnis imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis saxelmZRvaneloebi arsebobda am dros saqarTveloSi. Satberdi kulturis erT-erTi kera iyo, iseve, rogorc saqarTveloSi arsebuli sxva samonastro centrebi da amave dros, rogorc Cans, aq saswavlo centric arsebobda. Satbrdis krebulSi Setanilia Sromebi, kerZod, grigol noselis adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb codnis Semcveli Txzuleba – “kacisa SesaqmisaTvis”, saistorio matiane - “moqceva‡ qarTlisa‡”, basili didis cxovelTa qcevebis Semcveli Txzuleba, ipolite romaelis Zveli da axali saRmrTo werilebis Sesaxeb mocemuli ganmartebebi, epifane kviprelis naSromi Tormeti Zvirfasi Tvlis Sesaxeb, daviTis fsalmunebis daCiseuli Targmani, qronologiuri cnobebi gamoCenil ebraelTa, sparsTa, romaelTa da bizantiel mefeTa Sesaxeb da bolos saswavlo wigni ebraul da berZnul anbanze da Zveli aRTqmis wignTa Sesaxeb.

adrefeodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc mis wina periodebSi, ganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba da uflebac mxolod maRali wris Svilebs hqondaT. warCinebuli ojaxebi saxlSi iwvevdnen maswavleblebs an mozards mRvdels miabarebdnen gasawvrTnelad. magaliTad, ilarion qarTveli “iyo ... samTavroTagan kaxeTisa, mSobelTagan didebulTa da warCinebulTa da simdidriTa gardasulTa, xolo mama misi mxedarTmflobeli iyo”. (1) am warCinebulma eris kacma, roca mis Svils ilarions eqvsi weli Seusrulda, miiyvana mRvdelTan saswavleblad da Teologiur mecnierebaSi “iwurTida maradis” vidre Teqvsmet wlamde.

giorgi mTawmindelic warCinebuli ojaxidan iyo da mamamisma iakobma Svili dawyebiTi ganaTlebis misaRebad jer taZrisis monasterSi miiyvana, xolo Semdeg xaxuls gadaiyvana, sadac ilarion Tualels Caabares.

giorgi merCules “grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan” Cans, rom grigoli qarTlis erisTavma nersem iSvila, Tavisi zedamxedvelobis qveS zrdida da mas saxlSi mowveuli maswavlebelebi aswavlidnen.

swavlebis, codnis gadacemis terminad ixmareba “moZRvreba”. es termini Semdgom xanebSi (me-11s) swavlebis gamomxatveli ZiriTadi cneba xdeba. ufro adre ki “swavliTa” da “wurTiT” gamoixateboda.

me-8 saukunis naxevridan me-10 saukunis dasasrulamde tao-klarjeTi xdeba savane qarTuli kulturisa da ganaTlebisa. qarTlidan devnili da arabTagan Seviwroebuli mosaxleoba tao-klarjeTisken midioda, sadac simSvide iyo. qarTlidan daiZra samonastro kolonizaciac, romlis moTave iyo beri grigol xanZTeli. grigols klarjeTSi daxvda mxolod erTi qarTuli monasteri opiza, xolo Semdeg ukve gaxda klarjeTis Tormeti monastris arqimandriti, romlebic qarTuli kulturis da ganaTlebis kerebs warmoadgendnen. yovel monasterTan iyo skola, seminaria, sadac aswavlidnen wera-kiTxvas, saRmrTo sjuls, filosofias, berZnuls da sxva enebs, galobas, kaligrafias, mxatvrobas, oqromWedlobas da sxva.

swored tao-klarjeTidan daiwyo da gaerTianda mTeli saqarTvelo bagrationTa dinastiis meTaurobiT. bagrat III-is Semdeg centralizebuli xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis brZola sabolood Zlieri monarqiuli xelisuflebis SeqmniT damTavrda daviT aRmaSeneblis dros da aqedan iwyeba gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos oqros xana.

qveynis gaerTianebam saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareebis ekonomikur daaxloebas Seuwyo xeli. misi erTiani istoriis dawerac moiTxova da me-11 saukunis meore naxevarSi safuZveli Caeyara “qarTlis cxovrebis” Seqmnas. agebul iqna xuroTmoZRvrebis brwyinvale Zeglebi: bagratis taZari, sveticxoveli, bedia, alaverdi, samTavisi, nokorwminda, ikorTa, berTubani, beTania, gelaTi da sxva taZrebi.

saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareTac Sendeboda eklesia-monastrebi, romlebSic ZiriTadad warmoebda kulturuli da literaturul-saganmanaTleblo muSaoba. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda aTonis iveriis monasters (saberZneTis teritoriaze), sadac eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebi moRvaweobdnen da petriwonis qarTvelTa monasters (dRevandeli bulgareTis teritoriaze), sadac Tavdapirvelad cnobili qarTveli filosofosi ioane petriwi moRvaweobda.

saqarTveloSi kulturis saerTo donis ganviTarebas swavla-ganaTlebis saqmis aRmavlobac kvaldakval mihyveboda. me-11-12 saukuneebSi eklesia-monastrebTan arsebuli skolebi erT-erTi oficialuri saxis skolebi iyo. aseve am droisaTvis gavrcelebuli yofila tradiciuli kerZo saxis saSinao swavlebac.

adreuli xanis did monastrebTan (oSki, opiza, Satberdi, xanZTa, berTa, oTxTa eklesia) arsebobda farTo moculobis mqone Senobebi. akademikos eqvTime TayaiSvilis dakvirvebiT es Senobebi monastrebTan arsebuli seminarebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili.

oSkis monastris kompleqsSi ZiriTadi taZris CrdiloeTiT mdgari aseTi Senoba oTxkuTxa darbazia, aseve iyo oTxTa eklesiis seminariaSi da sxva. seminariis Senobebi aRniSnul monastrebTan calke dgas iseve, rogorc gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiis Senobebi.

istoriuli wyaroebidan Cans, rom me-11 saukunis saqarTveloSi swavleba jgufuri, saklaso sistemiT mimdinareobda, sadac moswavleebi asakobrivi principis mixedviT iyvnen dayofili, amis damadasturebelia giorgi mcires cnoba, rom saqarTvelos qalaqad Tu soflad maswavleblebi aT, TxuTmet an oc moswavles erTad aswavlian.

skolebSi imave sagnebis swavleba xdeboda, rac adrefeodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli (Teologia-filosofia, himnografia, liturgika-eklesia-monastrebTan arsebul skolebSi, qarTuli mwignobroba da ucxo ena). rac Seexeba saswavlo saxelmZRvaneloebs, Teologiis safuZvlebi iswavleboda berZnulidan gadmoRebuli katexizmoTi, romelic Seicavda istoriul elementebs, qristianuli religiis gavrcelebas, saeklesio krebebis Sinaarss, am krebaTa mowvevis adglsa da mefeTa moRvaweobis dros.

filosofiur-Teologiuri codnis misaRebad umetesad berZnulidan Targmnil wignebs iyenebdnen. Tu me-11 saukunemde am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisa iyo ioane damaskelis filosofiuri Txzulebebi, me-11 saukunidan ioane petriwi Targmnis filosofiur Txzulebebs da nemesios-emeselis, prokle diadoxosis, aristoteles Sromebs da Tavisi cnobili komentarebiT gelaTis umaRlesi saswavleblisaTvis qarTul saxelmZRvanelo filosofiur Txzulebebs qmnis.

me-11 saukunidan, roca saistorio nawarmoebebi Seiqmna da safuZveli Caeyara “qarTlis cxovrebis” (saqarTvelos istoriis) Sedgenas, istoria saswavlo programebSi Sevida, rogorc damoukidebeli, calke sagani.

vinaidan me-5 saukunidan me-12 saukunemde saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis centri ar arsebobda, swavlis gagrZelebis msurveli didgvarovnebi ukve me-11 saukunidan bizantiaSi miemgzavrebodnen, sadac umaRles ganaTlebas manganis akademiaSi Rebulobdnen, romelic konstantine monomaxma 1045 wels daaarsa konstantinepolSi da romelic mowinave msoflios umaRlesi ganaTlebis kerad iqca. akademiaSi swavlobdnen sxvadasxva qveynebidan Casuli axalgazrdebi, romelTa Soris qarTvelebic iyvnen. magaliTad, cnobili qarTveli filosofosebi ioane petriwi, arsen iyalToeli, iezikieli, ioane tariWisZe da sxvebi.

saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da erT mTlian saxelmwifoebriv-politikur erTeulad Camoyalibebis Semdeg umaRlesi saswavleblis saWiroeba gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi gaxda da me-12 saukunis dasawyisSi, 1106 wels, mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis iniciativiTa da xelSewyobiT gelaTis akademia daarsda. mematianes gadmocemiT, daviTs gelaTSi samoRvaweod mouwvevia, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mis farglebs gareT myofi Rirseuli swavluli xalxi. maT Soris iyo petriwonis qarTvelTa monastris seminariaSi moRvawe qarTveli filosofosi ioane petriwic.

gelaTis akademia aSenda sayrdenad qarTveli eris qristianul-religiuri da saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobisa, amitom iyo, rom qarTuli aRorZinebis xanis poetebma da mematianeebma swored gelaTi dasaxes “sxvad aTinad” da “sxvad ierusalimad”. es imas niSnavda, rom gelaTi unda gabrwyinebuliyo taZrad qarTuli azrovnebisa da qarTuli sarwmunoebisa, aTenisa da ierusalimis simaRleze.

gelaTSi Seiqmna ara mxolod Targmani da ganmartebani prokles “Teologiis safuZvlebisa”, aramed Targmanebi qristianuli eklesiis iuridiuli safuZvlebisa, Targmanebi saeklesio kanonsamarTlisa, arsen iyalToelis mier, romelsac ewoda “didi sjulis kanoni”.

gelaTis akademiis specialuri Tanamdebobis piri xelmZRva­nelobda, romelic “moZRvarT moZRvaris” tituls atarebda. akademikos eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier aRmoCenil da gamocemul “xelmwifis karis garigebis~ winasityvaobaSi “moZRvarT-moZRvari” metad patvcemuli, ganaTlebuli piria, romelic maswavlebelTa maswavleblis SinaarsiTaa moxseniebuli da gelaTSi imyofeba, rogorc iq arsebuli akademiis reqtori. “karis garigebis” mixedviT “moZRvarT moZRvari” sasuliero da didxarisxovan monazonTa Soris yvelgan pirveli ixseneba (magaliTad, “moZRvarT-moZRvari”, Wyondideli da kaTalikozni qarTlisa da abxazeTisa”).

aris cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom umaRlesi saswavlebeli arsebobda iyalToSi akademiis saxiT, romelsac arsen iyalToeli xelmZRvanelobda. amaze metyvelebs xuroTmoZRvruli Senobis naSTebi, romelic saeroO daniSnulebis nagebobas ufro waagavs, vidre samonastros. mkvlevarebi aRiareben iyalTosa da gelaTis akademiebis SenobaTa msgavsebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom gelaTisagan gansxvavebiT iyalTos akademiis Senoba orsarTuliania.

gelaTis akademiis saswavlo programas safuZvlad unda dasdeboda is samecniero disciplinebi, romlebzec ioane petriwi msjelobda, da romelTa mixedviTac imxanad aswavlidnen bizantiis umaRles saswavlebelSi. es samecniero disciplinebi e.w. trivium-quadrivium-is cikli. petriwi jer trivium-Si Semaval disciplinebze – geometriaze, ariTmetikaze da musikaze msjelobs, romlebic saRvTismetyvelo ganaTlebis pirvel ciklad aqvs warmodgenili. meore ciklis disciplinebia: filosofia, romelsac samgvari saxe aqvs – praqtikuli (saqmiTi), Teoriuli (mxedvelobiTi) da dialeqtikuri (ganmsityvelobiTia) ritorika, romelic samad iyofa. saTaTbiro, anu bWobisaTvis gamosayenebeli ritorika, sapaeqro, romelsac Zvel saberZneTSi da saqarTveloSi praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqonda da dResaswaulebze gamosayenebeli ritorika. amave ciklSi Sedioda – gramatika da astronomia.

garda am disciplinebisa gelaTis akademiaSi, rogorc Cans, medicinac iswavleboda. profesor mixeil Sengelias dakvirvebiT me-13 saukunis dasawyisSi Targmnilia samedicino xasiaTis „wigni saaqimo‡„ swored saswavlo daniSnulebis saxelmZRvanelo naSromi unda yofiliyo, romelic qarTul umaRles saswavlebelSi, kerZod, gelaTSi medicinis sagnis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT ixmareboda.

qarTul eqstrateritorialur dasaxlebaTa Soris cnoba erTaderTi saswavleblis arsebobis Sesaxeb mxolod petriwonis monasterTan gvxvdeba. es saswavlebeli petriwonis monastrisaTvis mRvdlebs amzadebda, swavla qarTul enaze mimdinareobda, radgan tipikoni aRniSnul monasterSi mxolod qarTuli wera-kiTxvis mcodne berebis yofnas iTvaliswinebda.

daviT aRmaSeneblis mier ganxorcielebulma reformebma ganamtkica qveynis saSinao da sagareo mdgomareoba, aamaRla misi kulturis done. saxelovani mefis saganmanaTleblo muSaobam SeakavSira erTmaneTs qarTveli swavlulebi, aaRorZina iyalTosa da gelaTis akademiebi, daiwyo intensiuri samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianoba. qarTuli renesansis epoqis wyaroebSi farTod aris gamoyenebuli Zveli aRmosavleTisa da antikuri qveynebis moazrovneebis – sokrates, platonis, aristoteles da sxvaTa progresuli filosofiur-politikuri moZRvrebebi, ramac asaxva hpova rusTavelis, SavTelis, CaxruxaZis, petriwis, qarTveli istorikosebis nawarmobebSi, romelTa warmoSoba Semzadebuli iyo mravalsaukunovani kulturiT. amis naTeli dadasturebaa SoTa rusTaveli Tavisi ukvdavi ,,vefxistyaosniT”.