Madaminova moxidil qurvonali qizi

-translation with the help of absolute equivalents;
-translation with the help of relative equivalents is processed in the case.
-translation with the help of phraseological analogues is topical when the translator translates.
Emotional expressiveness and brevity of though expression are the most distinctive features of phraseological units. Phraseological units are functioning in the newspaper style, notably in the newspaper headlines due to the fact that newspaper headlines are expressive and concise. As a rule, newspaper headlines grab attention and reflect the attitude towards the events.
It should be noted that phraseological units are frequ phraseological units in the source text and the ability to find a corresponding equivalent during the translation process are the most tangible stages for the translator. However, translator should use phrase- books for the purpose of adequate interpretation and translation of phraseological units and, in addition, the context plays an important role in the translation process.
According to S.S. Kuzmin, interpretation of notional conflicts between literal meaning of phraseological unit components and notional elements of the context, which have a conflict with literal meaning of phraseological unit components, is the most important stage for the translator`s analysis.
According to S.S. Kuzmin, phraseological synonyms are approximately meaningful but imaginary different phraseological units. There are some examples and analyses of the Russian synonyms:
Analysing the abovementioned phraseological synonyms, it should be noted that all of these phraseological units have different connotations.
It should be noted that the translator has a good opportunity for the choice of a corresponding equivalent from the analysed group of synonyms. As a rule, translation of phraseological units is a difficult stage for the translator and due to this fact authors of their masterpieces try to explain the meanings of phraseological units in the context.
While translating opuses in the English language, translators take into account or rely on the context in many cases. Russian translatologist S.S. Kuzmin:
•translation with the help of a monoequivalent, i.e. translator chooses the English phraseological unit that image and meaning coincide with the image and meaning of the Russian phraseological unit.
•translation with the help of a relative equivalent analogue English phraseological unit that image does not coincide with the image of the Russian phraseological unit but presentive and logical meanings coincide. For example, the Russian expression , that means , is rather hard to translate into the English language because the following expressions are existing in the English language:
- In order to translate this expression and choose the adequate analogue, the translator analyses the context of the source text because these expressions are different in the meanings in the English language;
-there are some cases when the Russian phraseological unit has several meanings and a corresponding phraseological unit should be chosen by the translator. Therefore, the translator can interpret the meaning of a phraseological unit from the context and choose the best equivalent.Phraseological units can be translated with the help of metaphor, in the case when it is necessary for the translation process to transfer the image of the Russian phraseological unit.²⁰
•explicatory translation can be used for the translation of phraseological units; however, expressiveness and positive or negative connotation of the sentence can be lost where a phraseological unit is functioning.²¹
Explicatory translation is essential in the case when the translator cannot find either corresponding equivalent, or analogue in the target language but the use of a blue print translation can be the result of so literalism addition to it, many outstanding linguists and translatologists consider that the use of explicatory translation can deprive the expression of expressiveness and connotation. It is important to point out that the most tangible aspect for our research is to this fact the explicatory translation helps the translator to avoid their functioning in the target text.
Translating a phraseological unit is not an easy matter as it depends on several factors: different combinability of words, homonymy, and synonymy, polysemy of phraseological units and presence of falsely identical units, which makes it necessary to take into account of the context. Besides, a large number of phraseological units have a stylistic — expressive component in meaning, which usually has a specific national feature the fore cited determines the necessity to get acquainted with the main principles of the general theory of phraseology. Any type of phraseological unit can be presented as a definite micro-system. In the process of translating phraseological units, functional adequate linguistic units are selected by comparing two specific linguistic principles. These principles reveal elements of likeness and distinction, Certain parts of these systems may correspond in form and content (completely or partially) or have no adequacy. The main types of translation of Phraseological conformities are as follows:
1.Complete conformities.
2.Partial conformities.
3.Absence of conformities.
I. Complete conformities. Complete coincidence of form and content in Phraseological Units is met very seldom. For example, Fish begins to stink at the hand - Рыба гниет с головы - Baliq boshidan sasiydi. This translation of Phraseological Units is complete conformity because the image of the Phraseological Units is the same, and there is a complete coincidence of the form and of the meaning. However, complete conformities are very seldom found in two languages especially in English and Uzbek. There are some idioms that have complete conformity in Russian but in Uzbek there are no complete equivalents. For example: Crocodile tears — крокодилова слеза — yolg‘on yig‘i, shayton yig‘isi. In the examples, we can see that in Russian Phraseological Units have complete conformities in Uzbek descriptive translation is used. Not to look a gift horse in the mouth — дареному коню в зубы не смотрят — berganning betiga qarama. To take the bull by the horns — взять быка за рога — xiqildoqdan olish. All cats are gray in the dark — ночью все кошки серы — ko‘r tovuqqa hamma bug’doy. Dumb as a fish — нем как рыба — og‘ziga so‘p solganday jim. The following English phraseological units have complete coincidence both in Uzbek and in Russian. A bird of paradise — райская птица — jannat qushi. As brave as a lion — храбрый как лев — sherday dovyurak. Crows do not pick crow’s eyes out — ворон ворону глаз не выклюет — qarg‘a qarg‘aning ko‘zini cho‘qimaydi (Sulton suyagini xo‘rlamas). Like a fish without water — как рыба без воды — suvsiz qolgan baliqqa o‘xshab.²²
II. Partial conformities .Partial conformities of Phraseological Units in two languages assume lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical differences with identity of meaning and style. They are figuratively close but differ in lexical composition, morphological number and syntactic arrangement of the order of words. When translating phraseological units into Uzbek and Russian we come across phraseological Units with zoo names, which have complete conformity in Russian but Uzbek they coincided partially, and they are called phraseological conformities. Nevertheless, they are not so numerous. It happens because of the specific features of every language. For example, As harmless as a dove — кроткий как голубок — musichaday beozor. In this example we can see that there is complete coincidence in Russian but partial conformity in Uzbek. In addition, another problem there is a partial conformity of Phraseological Units in English and Russian there is an absence of conformity in English and Uzbek. For example: To buy a pig in a poke — покупать кота в мешке — biron bir narsani ko‘rmasdan sotib olmoq. A bull in a china shop — слон в посудной лавке — beso‘naqay, qo‘pol shaxs. Like water of a duck’s back — как с гуся вода — parvoyiga keltirmaydi; surbet, beg‘am. As tender as a chicken — нежное как курятина — nozik, yumshoq tabiatli, nimjon. Like a hen on a hot girdle — словно карась на сковородке — tinib-tinchimas, jonsarak, tabiati xira bo‘lmoq. There are three types of partial conformities of Phraseological Units: a) Partial lexical conformities by lexical parameters. As silly as a goose — глуп как пробка — tovuq miya. The lion is not as fierce as he is painted — не так страшен черт, как его малюют — shayton, odamlar tasvirlaganidek qo‘rqinchli emas. As hungry as a lion — голодный как волк — bo‘riday och. Owl train — ночной поезд — tungi poezd. Owl car — ночное такси, трамвай — tungi taksi, tramvay. Kill two birds with one stone — убить двух зайцев одним выстрелом — bir o‘q bilan ikki quyonni o‘ldirmoq. It’s pouring cats and dogs — льет как из ведра — chelaklab yomg‘ir quymoq. The bird of peace — голубь мира — tinchlik qushi. b) Partial conformities by grammatical parametres. Die like flies — мрут как мухи — pashshaday qirilmoqdalar. To agree like cats and dogs — жить как кошка с собакой — it mushuk bo‘lib yashamoq. These examples differ to morphological arrangement number. In English nouns are in plural, in Uzbek and Russian nouns are singular. c) Differing as to syntactical arrangement. You cannot flay the same ox twice — с одного вола двух шкур не дерут — bir xo‘kizning terisini ikki marta shilib bo‘lmaydi.²³
III. Absence of conformities. Many English phraseological units have no phraseological conformities in Uzbek and Russian. In the first instance this concerns Phraseological Units based on “realia” words that denote objects, phenomena a typical the certain people. (When translating units of this kind). Three types of translation are used to render units of this kind into Uzbek and Russian. A verbatim (word for word) translation, Translation by analogy.
Descriptive translation. A verbatim translation is possible when the way of thinking in the Phraseological Units does not bear a specific national feature. White crow — белая ворона — oq qarg‘a. Beef tea — мясной бульон — go‘shtli bulon, sho‘rva. Puss in boots — кот в сапогах — etik kiygan mushuk. The flying horse — крылатый конь Пегас — uchar ot Pegas. Nest of singing birds — гнездо певчих птиц — sayroqi qushlar ini (nickname of the poets of the epoch of Queen Elizabeth I). Chicken soup — куриный бульон — tovuq sho‘rva. Translation by analogy. This way of translating is resorted to when the image of Phraseological Units is different but the meaning is the same and when Phraseological Units in the Source language has a specific national realiea. It should be translated by a Phraseological Units that contain a word pf national coloring in the Target language. Albatross around one’s neck — камень на шее — bo‘yniga bo‘yintiriq ilmoq. A snake in the grass — коварный, скрытый враг — makkor, yashirin, pinhoniy dushman. One’s ewe lamb — единственное сокровище; единственное дитя — ko‘zining oqi qorasi. Cry stinking fish — выносить сор из избы — yomon tovuq xirmon oshor, o‘z sirini o‘zii ochar — yudagi gapni ko‘chaga olib chiqmoq. When pigs fly — когда рак свистнет — qizil qor yoqqanda. Till the cows come home — после дождичка в четверг — tuyaning dumi yerga tekkanda. Descriptive translation is a translation of phraseological units by a free combinations of words. It is possible when a Phraseological Units has a particular national feature and has no analogue in the language in the language it is translated into.²⁴
Cock and bull story — небылица — uydirma, to‘qima cho‘pchak. While elephant — обременительное или разорительное имущество, обуза; подарок, от которого не знаем, как избавиться — malol keladigan sovg‘a. Calf’s teeth — молочные зубы — sut tishlar. Soup and fish — вечерний костюм — kechalarda kuyiladigan libos. To see snakes — напиться до белой горячки — jinni bo‘lishgacha ichib olish..
Paying a special attention to the translation of phraseological units, it should be explained that translation paraphrasing can be used due to the fact that translator paraphrases proverbs and non-literal perception of its image is expressed. Therefore, translator can use the image (calques) as a building paraphrase the English proverb for the purpose of adequate interpretation and translation, for example, adequate presentive and logical meaning, translation vividness and non-literal perception of the new image of paraphrased English phraseological unit by the recipient. There is an example of a phraseological unit translation with the help of translation paraphrasing.
There is a need in the analysis of the following method of phraseological units` translation blue print, loan translation or, in other words, this is a literal transmission of image that is included into the phraseological unit of the source language. However, this way of translation might be used in the case if there can be an expression which image is clearly interpreted in the target language. Therefore, there is an example of the following expression: can be translated with the help of the Russian calque.This is a good example of a loan translation into the Russian language .
Translators try to use the English phraseological units for the translation of the Russian phraseological units that have a negative connotation. The English phraseological units can transfer negative connotations of the Russian phraseological units during the translation process. Therefore, drawing the conclusion to the abovementioned information, it should be noted that translation of phraseological units is the most important and rather difficult task for the translator. The reason is that translators should pay their attention to the coincidence of presentive and logical meanings of phraseological units in the source and target languages during the translation processes and types of contexts in which they are functioning. However, loss and change of stylistic or connotative functions of phraseological units can be the result of misinterpretation of an idiom or the whole expression in the target language. Taking into consideration some peculiarities of a phraseological unit functioning and an adequate translation of it, translator should interpret and translate this phraseological unit in a proper way and prevent functioning and elaboration.
In conclusion it should be mentioned that phraseological units reflect the culture and national mentality of a definite country and nationality; therefore, translation of phraseological units is one of the most important issues of a contemporary translatology. Furthermore, phraseological units are an integral part of any language and knowing these collocations and their adequate interpretation and translation is the proof of proper and adequate translation of the whole expression, fictions and pieces of art. In this context it should be summarized that translators have to follow the norm and usage of the target language when they translate phraseological units.
To sum up the aforementioned information, we conclude that the most widespread ways of phraseological units` translation are the following: translation with the help of absolute and relative equivalents, phraseological analogues, metaphors, loan translation, explicatory translation, translation paraphrasing and synonymous translation.