Uzbekistan state world languages university

Areal typology is a branch of linguistics that studies (using the methods of linguistic geography) distribution of linguistic phenomena in the spatial extent and interlingual (interdialectic) interaction.

Comparative typology is one of the branches of General Linguistic typology.

It deals with thecomparison of languages irrespectively of their genetic or structural identity.

3. 
   Genetic typology is a branch of linguistic typology, which studies the similarities, and differences of originally related languages.
   
4. 
   Structural typology is the major branch of Linguistic typology and aims to identify structural language types.
   

Exercise #2. Circle the correct answer.

1. 
   Who said that Areal typology compares languages irrespectively of the degree of their relatedness and aims at defining general elements formed as a result of themutual influence of languages and the cultures staying behind them?
   

1. 
   V.K.GhaK
   
2. 
   D.J.Buranov*
   
3. 
   Yu.V.Rojdestvenskiy
   
4. 
   M.m.Guhman
   

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2. 
   What are the objects of study in Areal typology?
   

1. 
   borrowings, bi-lingual features, hybrid languages, language contacts
   
2. 
   dialects, centum/satem languages, compiling dialectal maps
   
3. 
   sub-stratum and super-stratum languages, neologisms, archaisms
   
4. 
   *all answers are true
   

3. 
   What does Areal typology study?
   

1. 
   dialects and restrictions of dissemination of separate features in the systems of related and non-related languages, theconfluence of different languages
   
2. 
   dialects and restrictions of dissemination of separate features in the systems of related and non-related languages
   
3. 
   *dialects, centum/satem languages, compiling dialectal maps
   
4. 
   sub-stratum and super-stratum languages, neologisms, archaisms
   

4. 
   What does Comparative typology deal with?
   

1. 
   With thedistribution of linguistic phenomena in the spatial extent and interlingua (interdialectic) interaction
   
2. 
   with the similarities, and differences of originally related languages
   
3. 
   With the aims of identifying structural language types
   
4. 
   *with comparison of languages irrespectively of their genetic or structural identity
   

5. 
   What is the goal of Structural typology?
   

1. 
   To include discrete sound segments like p, n. or a, which can be defined by a finite set of sound properties or features
   
2. 
   to identify structural language types
   
3. 
   identifying common/similar features specific to systems of all or separate language groups
   
4. 
   *to identify universal features of languages ► Activities for self-improvement
   

Exercise #1. Read the statement below and find some mistakes among them.
Typology is a branch of science which is typical to all sciences without any exception. In this respect, their typological method is not limited to the sphere of one science. Typology may be divided \nto:Non-linguistic typology, Linguistic typology, Paratinsuistic typology.


210

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Non-linguislic typology is the subject matter of the sciences except linguistics. It can be political typology, medical or economic typology as well. Linguistic typology is a new branch of general linguistic, which studies the systems of languages comparatively, also finds common laws of languages and establishes differences and similarities between them. And due to David Crystal’s book “Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics”, Non- linguistic Typology is explained in this way: “A branch of linguistics which studies the structural similarities between languages, regardless of their history, as part of an attempt to establish a satisfactory classification, or typology, of languages. The typological comparison is thus distinguished from the historical comparison of languages and its groupings can coincide with those set up by the historical method”. Nowadays many terms are used for defining this very type of science, such as Linguistic Typology>, Comparative Typology, Contrastive Typology. But with the help of analyzing historical background, we’ll be able to realize the main notion of this branch of Linguistics. Typology is understood as a science of a whole comparison that has a large number of factors of its development. However, if it is described as a structural typology, then numbers of factors of its appearance will diminish. As Maslow said: “Typology does not deal with a limited number of languages. If it does, then it should be called “characterlogy” or “comparative description”. Since the number of languages typology deals with cannot be counted, languages are referred as an unlimited number of languages. The development of typology was very slow. It has several factors that influence to its development which are but not limited to typological imitation, “Port Royal Grammar”, historical comparative linguistics, theprocess of studying of languages without awriting system, theinfluence of writing, phonetics and practical and theoretical study of languages.


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Test yourself on Comparative Typology as a branch of General
Linguistics

1. 
   General typology combines two types of typologies
   

1. 
   *Linguistic and non-linguistic
   
2. 
   Lexical and Semantic
   
3. 
   Structural and Areal
   
4. 
   Phonetic and Phonological
   

2. 
   Non-linguistic typology serves as a method of comparison in...
   

1. 
   *A11 sciences besides linguistics
   
2. 
   Linguistics
   
3. 
   Literature
   
4. 
   General Linguistics and Literature
   

3. 
   ...deals with the languages which are genetically related both synchronically and diachronically
   

1. 
   *Genetic Typology
   
2. 
   Areal Typology
   
3. 
   Comparative Typology
   
4. 
   Structural Typology
   

4. 
   Comparative Typology deals with ...
   

2. 
   ^Language systems in comparison
   
3. 
   Psychology
   
4. 
   Mathematics
   
5. 
   Literature
   

5. 
   According to the object of comparison Comparative Typology consists of:
   

1. 
   *Genetic, comparative, areal, structural
   
2. 
   Semantic, formal
   
3. 
   Syntactic, structural, areal, lexical
   
4. 
   Phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical
   

6. 
   Comparative method has ...
   

1. 
   ^Universal features
   
2. 
   Typological investigation
   
3. 
   Grammatical features
   

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4. 
   General features
   

7. 
   Internal approach to language description deals with...
   

1. 
   *The system of any concrete national language
   

h) Non-related languages

100. 
     Related languages
     

4. 
   All languages
   

8. 
   External approach to language description deals with...
   

1. 
   *The cross-language description
   
2. 
   All languages
   
3. 
   Non-related languages
   
4. 
   Related languages
   

9. 
   Comparative-historical linguistics is...
   

1. 
   ’"Comparative-historical studies of languages in their development
   
2. 
   Comparative-scientific studies of languages in their development
   
3. 
   Content approach to comparison
   
4. 
   One - level approach to comparison
   

10. 
    Diachronic development means the development of some linguistic phenomena from...
    

1. 
   *historical viewpoint
   
2. 
   Modem viewpoint
   
3. 
   Linguistic viewpoint
   
4. 
   Grammatical viewpoint
   

11. 
    The first period is named spontaneous which was over ...
    

1. 
   * Not long before the Renaissance
   
2. 
   In the XI century
   
3. 
   In the XX century
   
4. 
   In the XIV century
   

12. 
    Division of Comparative Typology with respect to two plans of language:
    

1. 
   *Formal, semantic
   
2. 
   Comparative, structural, areal, genetic
   
3. 
   Phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical
   
4. 
   Formal, semantic, areal, genetic
   

213

13. 
    Port-Royal grammar is considered to be ...
    

1. 
   *A universal grammar
   
2. 
   Practical grammar
   
3. 
   Theoretical grammar
   
4. 
   English grammar
   

14. 
    When was Port-Royal grammar written
    

1. 
   *1660
   
2. 
   2009
   
3. 
   1700
   
4. 
   1669
   

15. 
    What did Mahmud Kashgariy do by analyzing a group of Turkic languages
    

1. 
   *He defined the level of their genetic relationship to each other
   
2. 
   He found out Language Universals
   
3. 
   He analyzed the lexical units of all Turkic languages
   
4. 
   He compared all language of the world
   

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Seminar#3
Typology of phonetic and phonological level of English,
Uzbek and Russian languages

• 
  Classroom activities