Areal typology is a branch of linguistics that studies (using the methods of linguistic geography) distribution of linguistic phenomena in the spatial extent and interlingual (interdialectic) interaction.
Comparative typology is one of the branches of General Linguistic typology.
It deals with thecomparison of languages irrespectively of their genetic or structural identity.
Genetic typology is a branch of linguistic typology, which studies the similarities, and differences of originally related languages.
Structural typology is the major branch of Linguistic typology and aims to identify structural language types.
Exercise #2. Circle the correct answer.
Who said that Areal typology compares languages irrespectively of the degree of their relatedness and aims at defining general elements formed as a result of themutual influence of languages and the cultures staying behind them?
V.K.GhaK
D.J.Buranov*
Yu.V.Rojdestvenskiy
M.m.Guhman
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What are the objects of study in Areal typology?
borrowings, bi-lingual features, hybrid languages, language contacts
dialects, centum/satem languages, compiling dialectal maps
sub-stratum and super-stratum languages, neologisms, archaisms
*all answers are true
What does Areal typology study?
dialects and restrictions of dissemination of separate features in the systems of related and non-related languages, theconfluence of different languages
dialects and restrictions of dissemination of separate features in the systems of related and non-related languages
*dialects, centum/satem languages, compiling dialectal maps
sub-stratum and super-stratum languages, neologisms, archaisms
What does Comparative typology deal with?
With thedistribution of linguistic phenomena in the spatial extent and interlingua (interdialectic) interaction
with the similarities, and differences of originally related languages
With the aims of identifying structural language types
*with comparison of languages irrespectively of their genetic or structural identity
What is the goal of Structural typology?
To include discrete sound segments like p, n. or a, which can be defined by a finite set of sound properties or features
to identify structural language types
identifying common/similar features specific to systems of all or separate language groups
*to identify universal features of languages ► Activities for self-improvement
Exercise #1. Read the statement below and find some mistakes among them.
Typology is a branch of science which is typical to all sciences without any exception. In this respect, their typological method is not limited to the sphere of one science. Typology may be divided \nto:Non-linguistic typology, Linguistic typology, Paratinsuistic typology.
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Non-linguislic typology is the subject matter of the sciences except linguistics. It can be political typology, medical or economic typology as well. Linguistic typology is a new branch of general linguistic, which studies the systems of languages comparatively, also finds common laws of languages and establishes differences and similarities between them. And due to David Crystal’s book “Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics”, Non- linguistic Typology is explained in this way: “A branch of linguistics which studies the structural similarities between languages, regardless of their history, as part of an attempt to establish a satisfactory classification, or typology, of languages. The typological comparison is thus distinguished from the historical comparison of languages and its groupings can coincide with those set up by the historical method”. Nowadays many terms are used for defining this very type of science, such as Linguistic Typology>, Comparative Typology, Contrastive Typology. But with the help of analyzing historical background, we’ll be able to realize the main notion of this branch of Linguistics. Typology is understood as a science of a whole comparison that has a large number of factors of its development. However, if it is described as a structural typology, then numbers of factors of its appearance will diminish. As Maslow said: “Typology does not deal with a limited number of languages. If it does, then it should be called “characterlogy” or “comparative description”. Since the number of languages typology deals with cannot be counted, languages are referred as an unlimited number of languages. The development of typology was very slow. It has several factors that influence to its development which are but not limited to typological imitation, “Port Royal Grammar”, historical comparative linguistics, theprocess of studying of languages without awriting system, theinfluence of writing, phonetics and practical and theoretical study of languages.
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Test yourself on Comparative Typology as a branch of General
Linguistics
General typology combines two types of typologies
*Linguistic and non-linguistic
Lexical and Semantic
Structural and Areal
Phonetic and Phonological
Non-linguistic typology serves as a method of comparison in...
*A11 sciences besides linguistics
Linguistics
Literature
General Linguistics and Literature
...deals with the languages which are genetically related both synchronically and diachronically
*Genetic Typology
Areal Typology
Comparative Typology
Structural Typology
Comparative Typology deals with ...
^Language systems in comparison
Psychology
Mathematics
Literature
According to the object of comparison Comparative Typology consists of:
*Genetic, comparative, areal, structural
Semantic, formal
Syntactic, structural, areal, lexical
Phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical
Comparative method has ...
^Universal features
Typological investigation
Grammatical features
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General features
Internal approach to language description deals with...
*The system of any concrete national language
h) Non-related languages
Related languages
All languages
External approach to language description deals with...
*The cross-language description
All languages
Non-related languages
Related languages
Comparative-historical linguistics is...
’"Comparative-historical studies of languages in their development
Comparative-scientific studies of languages in their development
Content approach to comparison
One - level approach to comparison
Diachronic development means the development of some linguistic phenomena from...
*historical viewpoint
Modem viewpoint
Linguistic viewpoint
Grammatical viewpoint
The first period is named spontaneous which was over ...
* Not long before the Renaissance
In the XI century
In the XX century
In the XIV century
Division of Comparative Typology with respect to two plans of language:
*Formal, semantic
Comparative, structural, areal, genetic
Phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical
Formal, semantic, areal, genetic
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Port-Royal grammar is considered to be ...
*A universal grammar
Practical grammar
Theoretical grammar
English grammar
When was Port-Royal grammar written
*1660
2009
1700
1669
What did Mahmud Kashgariy do by analyzing a group of Turkic languages
*He defined the level of their genetic relationship to each other
He found out Language Universals
He analyzed the lexical units of all Turkic languages
He compared all language of the world
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Seminar#3
Typology of phonetic and phonological level of English,
Uzbek and Russian languages
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