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Translation of documents, as a rule, is carried out in writing - in this case, the translator must always have the translated document in the process of work. Often, "for the translation of contracts and documents of specialized subjects, it is necessary to work on editing the texts of the document (legal translation) and the help of a native speaker to check compliance with business writing standards."
Currently, a lot of legal documents are translated, which include personal legal documents (passports, certificates, certificates, etc.), procedural documents (statements, court decisions, etc.), business documentation (contracts, licenses, patents etc.), legislative documents (laws, regulations, conventions, etc.), diplomatic documents, etc.8
Like any other type of text, legal documents, as language units, have a stylistic affiliation and certain stylistic features at the syntactic, morphological, lexical and other levels. A particularly interesting phenomenon is the allocation of a specific vocabulary called legalese, which is a stylistic characteristic characteristic only of legal texts.
Considering the stylistic characteristics of legal documents, the language of which belongs to the subgroup of official business style, it is necessary to briefly consider the official business style itself, since its main features and characteristics are also inherent in the legal style of texts.
Considering the very concept of "official business style", it should be noted that, first of all, it is the language of business communication, which is used mainly in the preparation of management documents. The norms of the literary language are fully applicable to it, but it also has its own pronounced features.
In a number of book styles, the official-business style is most clearly outlined. It serves legal and administrative activities when communicating in government institutions, in court, in business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides the sphere of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. The official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates, etc. Despite the fact that this style undergoes serious changes under the influence of socio-historical shifts in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language for its stability, traditionalism, isolation and standardization.9
Official style is a set of language means, the function of which is to serve the sphere of official business relations, i.e. relations arising between state bodies, between organizations or within them, between organizations and individuals in the course of their production, economic, legal activities. And further: The breadth of this sphere makes it possible to distinguish at least three sub-styles (varieties) of business style:
1) actually official business (clerical);
2) legal (language of laws and decrees);
3) diplomatic.
Consider the features of the legal sub-style of the official business style using the example of legal documents.
The main features of the legal style of presentation are accuracy, excluding the possibility of any other interpretations and ambiguities; narrowing the range of speech means used; language standard - the desire to express thoughts in a uniform way, the use of ready-made language formulas-cliches for this; a high degree of repeatability (frequency) of individual sections of document texts. These features are reflected in the design of business papers and legal documents: the nature of the composition, the arrangement of parts of the text, the selection of paragraphs, headings, font, etc.
Let's consider these features.
1. The necessary qualities of legal documents are the completeness and timeliness of information, accuracy, conciseness of wording. The main task of a translator of a legal document is to translate legally binding information as clearly as possible. A neutral tone of presentation is the norm of business etiquette. Therefore, for example, forms with emotionally expressive coloring (nouns and adjectives with suffixes of subjective evaluation, interjections) turn out to be outside the legal speech. The use of conversational colloquial, dialectal and other words and phraseological turns in legal speech is unacceptable.
2. The restriction of the types of language units used in the texts of legal documents and the general regulation of their form determine another important feature of legal speech - the high frequency of individual language forms in certain sections of the texts of legal documents. In legal documents, as a rule, the use of neologisms (even formed according to traditional models) is not allowed if they do not have a terminological meaning and can be replaced by general literary words. If they are used, then they need explanations in the text (usually in brackets). "Special vocabulary", on the contrary, is used very widely. This concept is associated with those groups of words that relate to any profession or occupation. The special vocabulary includes terms, professionalisms and professional slang words.
Terms are such words or combinations of words, the meaning of which is strictly determined within a given specialty.
Usually the terms are assigned to one specialty. However, they can move from one branch of knowledge to another, retaining their original meaning or being enriched with new semantic nuances. Terms that have found wide use in different fields of knowledge lose their highly specialized character. They pass into the category of book words that are not assigned to any narrow sphere of use or any particular type of written speech.
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