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Research Methods:
Literature analysis method .
Comparison method .
Structurally, the course work consists of an introduction; two chapters; conclusions; list of references.
The first chapter will discuss the concept of communication and its main types.
In the second - forms of communication and some communication barriers.
CHAPTER 1. THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNICATION AND ITS TYPES
1.1 General concept of communication
There are many definitions of communication. They differ from each other in one way or another.
Communication is studied by many sciences : sociology, psychology , political science, communication theory, rhetoric.
Communication is the transfer of information, ideas, emotions, skills by means of symbols - words, cards , graphics.
Communication is a process that connects individual parts of the world with each other.
Communication is the interaction between people through the means of communication and exchange of information.
Communication (lat. Communicatio), literally meaning "common" or " shared by all . "1
Without communication it is impossible to constitute social communities, social systems, institutions, organizations . Communication permeates all aspects of society, social groups and individuals. Any study of social life affects one or another of its forms. Communication between people occurs in the form of communication as an exchange of integral iconic formations (messages), which reflect knowledge, thoughts, ideas, value relationships, emotional states, programs of activity of the communicating parties. The content and forms of communication reflect the societies ennye relations and the historical experience of the people. Communication provides a connection between people, makes it possible to accumulate and transfer social experience, the division of labor and organization of joint activities, management, translation of culture .
Communication has become an independent object of social sciences in connection with the development of technical means of transmitting information. The development of communication theory was facilitated by the emergence of cybernetics, computer science, and semiotics. The leading role in the sociological study of communication problems is played by the sociology of mass communication.
Communication is specific in different areas of society. life and manifests itself in different forms. However, one can single out something common in all forms of communication. Aristotle already in Rhetoric noted that any communication presupposes at least three elements: the speaker, the message he produces and the person to whom this message is intended. The main elements of the process are the subjects of communication: the sender and recipient of the message (communicator and recipient (s)); means of communication (the code used to transmit information in a signed form, the channel through which the encoded message is transmitted from the communicator to the recipient); the subject of communication and the message displaying it; the effect (s) of communication, i.e. expressed in the behavior, or in the internal state, or in the relations of subjects K., the consequences of communicative activity .
In 1948, the American political scientist G. Lasswell proposed a simple and intuitive model of the communicative process (linear model of communication), which includes five elements 2:
1) Who? (transmits a message) - communicator
2) What? (transmitted) - message
3) How? (transmission in progress) - Kana L
4) To whom? (message sent) - audience
5) With what effect? - efficiency.
This formula has become the basis of the traditional division of the subject areas of the study of communication into a communicator, the content and means of communication, audience and effects. The Lasswell formula expresses a behavioral approach to communication as the direct effect of communicator messages on the recipient, which acts only as an object that responds to perceived information. With such an alternative vision of the essence of communication, the activity of the recipient as an equal subject of communicative activity is brought to the forefront .
Each of the elements of this scheme has become the subject of numerous studies. For example, the characteristics of the communicator that contribute to improving the effectiveness of the impact are highlighted. In order for a person’s performance to have the desired effect, this person, according to listeners, must possess such qualities as competence (availability of relevant knowledge and skills), reliability (ability to inspire confidence), dynamism (personal openness, activity, enthusiasm) .
In 1953, T. Newcomb proposed an interactionist model of communication. The subjects of communication in this model are recognized as equal and connected both by mutual expectations and attitudes, and by a common interest in the subject of communication. Communication is seen as the realization of this interest with the help of transmitted messages. The effects of communication consist in bringing the point of view of the communicator and the recipient closer to the common subject, which, in turn, means expanding or narrowing their opportunities for mutual understanding and cooperation. This view of communication puts the focus on reaching agreement between the subjects of communication, establishing equilibrium in the system of mutual attitudes. Lasswell model and Newcomb used by sociologists and psychologists to develop communication techniques for advertising, political propaganda, and so on. D .
Comprehensively investigated and features of the audience, disposable to the adoption of the message. So, it was found that self-inclusion in the content of communication (the closeness of its content to the most significant problems for the audience) reduces the effectiveness of beliefs: people in areas closest to them have the most justified and proven opinions, which are extremely difficult to change. Active role-playing of an initially unacceptable position contributes to its adoption in the future .
The degree of identification of a person with a group is important. People who are most strongly attached to the group are probably less affected by the message that does not comply with group norms. The influence of the group is manifested in the sense that the opinions that people communicate publicly are more difficult to change than those that are not widely advertised. It is also noted that the support of even one person weakens the majority pressure on an individual opinion.
Communication objectives:
Ensuring effective exchange of information between subjects and objects of management.
Improving interpersonal relationships in the process of exchanging information.
Creation of information channels for the exchange of information between individual employees and groups and coordination of their tasks and actions.
Regulation and rationalization of information flows.
Thus, communication can be regarded not only as a science, but also as the interaction of people among themselves. When fulfilling all the goals of communication, a person develops and gains experience.
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