The physical world
Level 1
Natural features
Sea, rivers
б
´
eрeг
(
нa бeрeг
´
у
) (pl.
бeрeг
´
a
)
bank, shore
вод
´
a
(acc.
в
´
оду
) (pl.
в
´
оды
)
water
волн
´
a
(pl.
в
´
олны в
´
олн
)
wave
впaд
´
aть
(
в
+ acc.)
to empty (into)
м
´
орe
(pl.
мор
´
я мор
´
eй
)
sea
´
озeро
(pl.
оз
¨e
рa оз
¨e
р
)
lake
окe
´
aн
ocean
´
остров
(pl.
остров
´
a
)
island
побeр
´
eжьe
coast
рeк
´
a
(acc.
р
´
eку
) (pl.
р
´
eки р
´
eк
р
´
eкaм
)
river
тeч
´
eниe
current
Cognates:
(1)
м
´
орe
is cognate with Latin
mare
id., German
Meer
id.
French
mer
id. (2)
тeч
´
eниe
is cognate with
т
´
eчь
‘to flow’ (
тeч
¨e
т тeк
´
ут
).
Word origins:
побeр
´
eжьe
is a derivative of
б
´
eрeг
, with
г
/
ж
mutation
before -
ьe
.
Generic terms:
Generic terms are spelt with a lower-case initial letter:
ч
¨e
рноe м
´
орe
‘the Black Sea’,
и
нд
´
ийский окe
´
aн
‘the Indian Ocean’,
´
озeро Бaйк
´
aл
‘Lake Baikal’.
Mountains, hills, rocks
вeрш
´
инa
peak
гор
´
a
(acc.
г
´
ору
) (pl.
г
´
оры г
´
ор
гор
´
aм
)
mountain
дол
´
инa
valley
рaвн
´
инa
plain
скaл
´
a
(pl.
ск
´
aлы
)
rock
х
´
олм
(gen.
холм
´
a
)
hill
Cognates:
х
´
олм
is possibly cognate with Old Saxon
holm
, id.
40
The physical world
41
Woodland, vegetation
бeр
¨e
зa
birch
б
´
ук
beech
д
´
eрeво
(pl.
дeр
´
eвья дeр
´
eвьeв
)
tree
д
´
уб
(pl.
дуб
´
ы дуб
´
ов
)
oak
´
e
ль
(f.)
fir
лeс
(
в лeс
´
у
) (pl.
лeс
´
a
)
forest
п
´
олe
(pl.
пол
´
я пол
´
eй
)
field
сосн
´
a
(pl.
с
´
осны с
´
осeн
)
pine
Cognates:
(1)
бeр
¨e
зa
is cognate with English ‘birch’ and German
Birke
id. (2)
б
´
ук
is cognate with
б
´
уквa
‘letter’ (ancient runes were inscribed
on beech bark, cf. German
Buch
‘book’,
Buchstabe
‘letter’ and
Buche
‘beech tree’).
The animal world
Insects
б
´
aбочкa
butterfly
ж
´
ук
(gen.
жук
´
a
)
beetle
м
´
ухa
fly
пa
´
ук
(gen.
пaук
´
a
)
spider
пчeл
´
a
(pl.
пч
¨e
лы
)
bee
Word origins:
(1)
б
´
aбочкa
is from
б
´
aбa
/
б
´
aбкa
‘grandmother’ (the but-
terfly was believed to be the incarnation of the soul of the ancestor
of a house’s owners) (2)
пa
´
ук
is from two roots meaning ‘similar to’
and ‘hook’, of a spider’s curved legs or the hooks on its feet (3)
пчeл
´
a
,
earlier with initial
б
, is onomatopoeic.
Cognates:
м
´
ухa
is cognate with Latin
musca
id., French
mouche
id.
Mammals
б
´
ык
(gen.
бык
´
a
)
bull
в
´
олк
,
волч
´
ицa
wolf (
волч
´
онок
‘wolf cub’)
дeт
¨e
ныш
young of an animal
коз
¨e
л
(gen.
козл
´
a
),
коз
´
a
(pl.
к
´
озы
)
goat (
козл
¨e
нок
‘kid’)
кор
´
овa
cow (
тeл
¨e
нок
‘calf ’)
к
´
от
(gen.
кот
´
a
),
к
´
ошкa
cat (
кот
¨e
нок
‘kitten’)
л
´
ошaдь
(f.) (pl.
л
´
ошaди
лошaд
´
eй
)
horse (
жeрeб
¨e
нок
‘foal’)
мeдв
´
eдь
,
мeдв
´
eдицa
bear (
мeдвeж
´
онок
‘bear cub’)
o
вц
´
a
(pl. ´
овцы ов
´
eц
´
овцaм
)
sheep (
ягн
¨e
нок
‘lamb’)
42
Unit 2
свинь
´
я
(pl.
св
´
иньи свин
´
eй
св
´
иньям
)
pig (
порос
¨e
нок
‘piglet’)
соб
´
aкa
dog (
щeн
´
ок
‘puppy’)
Word origins:
(1)
б
´
ык
is thought to be onomatopoeic (2)
л
´
ошaдь
is from
Turkic, replacing
к
´
онь
(2)
мeдв
´
eдь
lit. means ‘honey eater’ (
м
¨e
д
+
eд
´
ящий
) (3)
соб
´
aкa
is probably from Median (an Iranian language)
spaka
.
Cognates:
(1)
в
´
олк
may be cognate with
волоч
´
ить
‘to drag’ (i.e. sheep
and cattle) (2)
овц
´
a
is cognate with Spanish
oveja
id., English ‘ewe’
(3)
свинь
´
я
is cognate with German
Schwein
, English ‘swine’.
Young of animals and birds:
these end in -¨e
нок
(-o
нок a
fter
ж
,
ч
,
ш
), with
plural -
ятa
/-
aтa
-
ят
/-
aт
.
щ
eн
´
ок
has plural
щeнк
´
и
or
щeн
´
ятa
.
Birds
вороб
´
eй
(gen.
воробь
´
я
)
sparrow
г
´
усь
(m.) (pl.
г
´
уси гус
´
eй
)
goose (
гус
¨e
нок
‘gosling’)
к
´
урицa
(pl.
к
´
уры
)
chicken (
цыпл
¨e
нок
‘chick’)
л
´
eбeдь
(m.) (pl.
л
´
eбeди
лeбeд
´
eй
)
swan
ор
¨e
л
(gen.
орл
´
a
)
eagle (
орл
¨e
нок
‘eaglet’)
пeт
´
ух
(gen.
пeтух
´
a
)
cockerel
пт
´
ицa
(dim.
пт
´
ичкa
) bird
(
птeн
´
eц
‘fledgeling’)
´
уткa
duck (
ут
¨e
нок
‘duckling’)
Cognates:
л
´
eбeдь
may be cognate with Latin
albus
‘white’, with vowel +
l/l + vowel metathesis.
Word origins:
(1)
к
´
урицa
may be onomatopoeic;
цыпл
¨e
нок
is from
ц
´
ып
-
ц
´
ып
! in calling chickens (2)
пeт
´
ух
is from the root of
пeть
‘to
sing’.
Fish
aк
´
улa
shark
лос
´
ось
(m.)
salmon
р
´
ыбa
fish
сeл
¨e
дкa
herring
Cognates:
(1)
лос
´
ось
is cognate with German
Lachs
, id. (2)
сeл
¨e
дкa
/
с
´
eльдь
is cognate with Norwegian
sild
, id.
Reptiles, molluscs, crustaceans, and amphibians
змe
´
я
(pl.
зм
´
eи
)
snake
кр
´
aб
crab
Cognates:
змe
´
я
is cognate with
зeмл
´
я
‘earth’, thus lit. ‘of the earth’.
The physical world
43
Behaviour/sounds
в
´
ыть
(
в
´
оeт
)
to howl
л
´
aять
(
л
´
aeт
)/
про
-
to bark
лeт
´
aть
/
лeт
´
eть
(
лeт
´
ит
)
to fly
мурл
´
ыкaть
(
мурл
´
ычeт
)
to purr
п
´
eть
(
по
¨e
т
)/
с
-
to sing
пл
´
aвaть
/
пл
´
ыть
(
плыв
´
у
плыв
¨e
шь
)
to swim, float
п
´
олзaть
/
ползт
´
и
(
полз
¨e
т
)
(
полз ползл
´
a
)
to crawl
Word origins:
мурл
´
ыкaть
is onomatopoeic, cf. also
M
´
уркa
(common name
for a cat).
Verbs of motion:
лeт
´
aть
/
пл
´
aвaть
/
п
´
олзaть
mean to fly/swim/crawl
around, back and forth, in different directions, also to like fly-
ing/swimming etc., to fly etc. habitually.
л
eт
´
eть
/
пл
´
ыть
/
ползт
´
и
mean
to be flying/swimming/crawling along in one direction.
The weather
General
ц
´
eльсий
Celsius
Storms, rain, wind
б
´
уря
storm
в
´
eтeр
(gen.
в
´
eтрa
)
wind (
нa вeтр
´
у
‘in the wind’)
гр
´
ом
thunder
д
´
ождь
(m.) (gen.
дожд
´
я
)
rain (
под дожд
¨e
м
‘in the rain’)
д
´
уть
(
д
´
уeт
)/
по
-
to blow
м
´
окрый
wet (
м
´
окро
‘it is wet’)
м
´
олния
lightning
н
´
eбо
sky
сыр
´
ой
damp (
с
´
ыро
‘it is damp’)
тум
´
aн
mist
Word origins:
б
´
уря
may be onomatopoeic, likewise
гр
´
ом
.
Cognates:
(1)
в
´
eтeр
is cognate with
в
´
eять
‘to blow’, German
wehen
id.
(3)
н
´
eбо
is cognate with Latin
nebula
‘mist’, German
Nebel
id., Greek
nephos
‘cloud’.
Ice and snow, clouds, sunshine
жaр
´
a
heat
л
¨e
д
(gen.
льд
´
a
)
ice (
нa льд
´
у
‘on the ice’)
мор
´
оз
frost
´
облaко
(pl.
облaк
´
a облaк
´
ов
)
cloud
сн
´
eг
(pl.
снeг
´
a
)
snow
44
Unit 2
с
´
олнцe
sun (
нa с
´
олнцe
‘in the sun’)
х
´
олод
cold
Cognates:
(1)
жaр
´
a
is cognate with
ж
´
aркий
‘hot’ (2)
мор
´
оз
is cognate
with
мор
´
ожeноe
‘ice-cream’ (3)
х
´
олод
may be cognate with English
‘cold’.
Word origins:
(1)
сн
´
eг
has initial sn- typical of Balto-Slavonic/Germanic,
cf. n- in French
neige
(2)
с
´
олнцe
displays both l-theme (cf. Greek
helios
id., French
soleil
id.) and n-theme (cf. German
Sonne
id.). Medial
л
is not pronounced.
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