Universite d’antananarivo ecole normale superieure



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rakotonjanaharyZolalainaH ENS CPN 16

Handy Learner’s Dictionary of American English. Pearson Longman, 2000.




  1. Harmer, J. The Practice of English Language Teaching, 4th edition. Pearson Longman Limited, 2007

  2. Hutchinson, T. English for Life (Pre-Intermediate, Student’ book). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

  3. Hymes, D. H. On Communicative Competence. Philadelphia: Philadelphia University Press.




  1. Jean Noel Elysé. Teaching the Present Tense by Using Visuals. CAPEN dissertation, Antananarivo, ENS 2006.

  2. Marshall, C. & Rossman, G. B. Designing Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, C.A: Sage, 1995.

  3. Matthews, A., M. Spratt and L. Dangerfield (Eds) , At the Chalkface: Practical Techniques in Language Teaching. Great Britain: Edward and Arnold, 1985.

  4. Norris, R. W. How do we overcome the difficulties of teaching conditionals? Bulletin of Fukuoka International University, No. 9: 39-50 , 2003.

  5. Penny, R. Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 18- Petrovitz, W. The Role of Context in the Presentation of Grammar, 1997 in ELT

Journal, 2000.


  1. Quirk, R. and S. Greenbaum. A Concise Grammar of Temporary English. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

  2. Rajaona, S. Structure du Malgache. Doctorate thesis, 1972.



  1. Richards, J. and Rodgers, T. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching: A Description and Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

  2. Richards, J. Communicative Language Teaching Today. Cambridge University Press, 2006

  3. Schmuck, R. Practical Action Research for Change. Arlington Heights, IL: IRI/ Skylight Training and Publishing, 1997.

  4. The American Heritage College Dictionary. Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007.

  5. The Associated Press Stylebook, 38th edition. Editor: Norm Goldstein, 2003.




  1. Thomson, A.J and Martinet, A.V. A Practical English Grammar, 4th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.




  1. Thornbury, S. How to Teach Grammar. England: Pearson Longman, 1999. 28- Ur, P. Grammar Practice Activities. Cambridge University Press, 1988.

  1. Ur, P. The Other Things Matter. London: Longman, 1991.




  1. Vilatte, J. C., Méthodologie de l’enquête par questionnaire. Université d’Avignon, 2007.

  2. Widdowson, H.G, The Teaching of English as Communication in Brumfit, C.J and K. Johnson (Eds), The Communicative Approach to Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979.

  3. William, A. S., The Gregg Reference Manual, 10th edition. Mc Graw-Hill Companies,


Avenue of the Americas, New York.


  1. Wu, C.H.F. A Study of Counterfactuals in Chinese and in English. Taipei, Taiwan: Crane Publishing, 1994.

  2. Zafiarisoa, R. L. Integrated Lesson Plans Based on Unit 1 of the current “Classe de Seconde” Syllabus. CAPEN Dissertation, Antananarivo, ENS 2005.


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APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: THE QUESTIONNAIRE


QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear teachers,

We will be grateful if you could fill in the following questionnaire in order to help us with our research work on promoting communicative grammar to improve the teaching of conditional sentences in “première” and “terminale” classes.


    1. What is your degree or diploma?


  1. Maitrise

  2. CAPEN

  3. Licence

  4. Other (please, specify)


    1. In your opinion, what is the objective of grammar teaching?


  1. To make students apply grammatical rules in their grammar exercises

  2. To make students write grammatically correct sentences in their writing tests

  3. To improve students’ ability to use grammatical rules in real life communication

  4. Others (please, specify)


    1. How do your students like grammar classes?


  1. Very much

  2. So so

  3. Not so much


4- If your answer to the 3rd question is “not so much”, why do you think the students do not really like grammar?


  1. They see grammar as a matter of always applying rules

  2. The teacher does not know how to elicit

  3. They are not interested in the topics the teacher uses to introduce the lessons

  4. They do not have the opportunity to communicate during grammar classes


5- Do you integrate language skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing) when you teach grammar?


  1. YES

  2. NO
  1. If you integrate language skills when teaching grammar, it is because:


  1. They motivate students and arouse their interests

  2. They facilitate the teaching of grammar and bring variety in it

  3. They provide more realistic situations

  4. Other reasons (please, specify)



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