The sample units make it clear to the teacher and the learner what commu-
nicative function (e.g., apologizing) is highlighted and in what context
(e.g., theater, store, etc.) as well as what grammatical structures/items and
vocabulary are needed to carry out the function. They also indicate to the
teacher possible classroom activities that can be profitably employed to re-
alize the learning and teaching objectives.
The focus on the learner’s communicative needs, which is the hallmark of
a learner-centered pedagogy, has positive as well as problematic aspects to it.
There is no doubt that identifying and meeting the language needs of spe-
cific groups of learners will be of great assistance in creating and sustaining
learner motivation, and in making the entire learning/teaching operation a
worthwhile endeavor. Besides, a need-based, learner-centered curriculum
will give the classroom teachers a clear pathway to follow in their effort to
maximize learning opportunities for their learners. Such a curriculum easily
facilitates the designing of specific purpose courses geared to the needs of
groups of learners having the same needs (such as office secretaries, air traf-
fic controllers, lawyers, or engineers). However, as Johnson (1982) correctly
pointed out, if we are dealing with, as we most often do, groups of learners
each of whom wishes to use the language for different purposes, then, it may
be difficult to derive a manageable list of notions and functions. The Council
of Europe attempted to tackle this practical problem by identifying a “com-
mon core” of functions such as greeting, introducing, inviting, and so forth
associated with the general area of social life alongside other specialized,
work-related units meant for specific groups of learners.
Yet another serious concern about specifying the content for a learner-
centered class is that there are no criteria for selecting and sequencing lan-
guage input to the learner. Johnson (1982), for instance, raised a few possi-
bilities and dismissed all of them as inadequate. The criterion of simplicity,
which was widely followed by language-centered pedagogists, is of little use
here because whether a communicative function or a speech act is simple
or complex does not depend on the grammatical and discoursal features of
a function but on the purpose and context of communication. A second
possible criterion—priority of needs—is equally problematic because, as
Johnson (1982) observed, “questions like ‘Do the students need to learn
how to
apologize
before learning how to
interrupt
?’ have no clear answer” (p.
71). Practical difficulties such as these notwithstanding, the learner-cen-
tered syllabus provided a clear statement of learning/teaching objectives
for classroom teachers to pursue in their classroom.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: