based classroom-oriented investigations conducted in various contexts by
various researchers such as Kumaravadivelu (1993a), Legutke and Thomas
(1991), Nunan (1987), and Thornbury (1996) revealed without any doubt
that the so-called communicative classrooms are anything but communica-
tive. Nunan observed that, in the classes he studied, form was more promi-
nent in that function and grammatical accuracy activities dominated com-
municative fluency ones. He concluded, “there is growing evidence that, in
communicative class, interactions may, in fact, not be very communicative
after all” (p. 144). Legutke and Thomas (1991) were even more forthright:
“In spite of trendy jargon in textbooks and teachers’ manuals, very little is
actually communicated in the L2 classroom. The way it is structured does
not seem to stimulate the wish of learners to say something, nor does it tap
what they might have to say . . .” (pp. 8–9). My research confirmed these
findings, when I analyzed lessons taught by those claiming to follow com-
municative language teaching, and reached the conclusion: “Even teachers
who are committed to CLT can fail to create opportunities for genuine in-
teraction in their classroom” (Kumaravadivelu, 1993a, p. 113).
Yet another serious drawback that deserves mention is what Swan (1985)
dubbed the “tabula rasa attitude” of the learner-centered pedagogists. That
is, they firmly and falsely believed that adult L2 learners do not possess nor-
mal pragmatic skills, nor can they transfer them, from their mother tongue.
They summarily dismissed the L1 pragmatic knowledge/ability L2 learners
bring with them to the L2 classroom. Swan (1985) draws attention to the
fact that adult second-language learners know how to negotiate meaning,
convey information, and perform speech acts. “What they do not know” he
declares rightly, “is what words are used to do it in a foreign language. They
need lexical items, not skills . . .” (p. 9). In other words, L2 learners, by vir-
tue of being members of their L1 speech community, know the basic rules
of communicative use. All we need to do is to tap the linguistic and cultural
resources they bring with them. This view has been very well supported by
research. Summarizing nearly two decades of studies on pragmatics in sec-
ond language learning and teaching, Rose and Kasper (2001) stated un-
equivocally, “adult learners get a considerable amount of L2 pragmatic
knowledge for free. This is because some pragmatic knowledge is universal
. . . and other aspects may be successfully transferred from the learners’ L1”
(p. 4). In a similar vein, focusing generally on the nonuse of L1 in the L2
classroom, Vivian Cook (2002) has all along questioned the belief that
learners would fare better if they kept to the second language, and has re-
cently recommended that teachers “develop the systematic use of the L1 in
the classroom alongside the L2 as a reflection of the realities of the class-
room situation, as an aid to learning and as a model for the world outside”
(p. 332).
LEARNER-CENTERED METHODS
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