Understanding language teaching: From Method to Postmethod



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(ESL & Applied Linguistics Professional Series) B. Kumaravadivelu - Understanding Language Teaching From Method to Post-Method-Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. (2006)

2.3.6.2. Educational Context.
Closely related to the social context is the
educational context. Studies on educational contexts grounded in educa-
tional psychology emphasize the inseparability and reciprocal influence of
educational institutions and settings in which learning and teaching opera-
tions are embedded (Bloome & Green, 1992). In the context of L2 develop-
ment, it is the educational context that shapes language policy, language
planning, and most importantly, the learning opportunities available to the
L2 learner. It is impossible to insulate classroom life from the dynamics of
political, educational, and societal institutions, because, as I have argued
elsewhere (Kumaravadivelu, 2001), the experiences participants bring to
the classroom are shaped not only by the learning and teaching episodes
they have encountered in the classroom, but also by a broader social, eco-
nomic, educational, and political environment in which they grow up.
These experiences have the potential to affect classroom practices in ways
unintended and unexpected by policy planners or curriculum designers or
textbook producers.
As Tollefson (2002) and others pointed out, it is the educational context
that determines the types as well as the goals of instructional programs
made available to the L2 learner. For instance, the educational context will
condition the relationship between the home language and the school lan-
guage, between “standard” language and its “nonstandard” varieties. As a
result of decisions made by educational policymakers, the L2 learners will
have a choice between
additive bilingualism
, where they have the opportu-
nity to become active users of the L2 while at the same time maintaining
their L1, or
subtractive bilingualism
, where they gradually lose their L1 as
they develop more and more competence and confidence in their L2. Simi-
larly, as Norton (2000) and Pavlenko (2002) asserted, the educational con-
text can also shape the complex relationship between power, status and
identity by determining “how access to linguistic and interactional re-
sources is mediated by nonnative speaker status, race, gender, class, age,
and social status, and to ways in which discourses appropriated by L2 learn-
ers are linked to power and authority” (Pavlenko, 2002, p. 291).
To sum up this section on intake factors, all the six major intake factors
already outlined—individual, negotiation, tactical, affective, knowledge,
and environmental—appear to interact with each other in as yet undeter-
mined ways. They also play a role in triggering and maximizing the opera-
tional effectiveness of intake processes, to which we turn now.

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