S.N Aminov va boshqalar. Umumiy va anorganik kimyodan amaliy mashulotlar. T.: Fan, 2005.
D.K. Sobirova. “Kimyo” fanidan ma’ruza matni. 2016.
D.K. Sobirova. “Kimyo” fanidan laboratoriya ishlarini bajarish uchun uslubiy qўllanma. 2016.
ILOVA.
Ba’zi kimyoviy elementlarning yaxlitlangan nisbiy
atom massalari (Ar).
1 – jadval
Element
|
Kim- yoviy belgisi
|
Ar
|
Element
|
Kim-yoviy belgisi
|
Ar
|
Element
|
Kim-yoviy belgisi
|
Ar
|
Azot
|
N
|
14
|
Kaliy
|
K
|
39
|
Rubidiy
|
Rb
|
85,5
|
Alyuminiy
|
Al
|
27
|
Kaltsiy
|
Ca
|
40
|
Qo`rg`oshin
|
Pb
|
207
|
Argon
|
Ar
|
40
|
Kislorod
|
O
|
16
|
Selen
|
Se
|
79
|
Bariy
|
Ba
|
137
|
Kobalt
|
Co
|
59
|
Oltingugurt
|
S
|
32
|
Berilliy
|
Be
|
9
|
Kremniy
|
Si
|
29
|
Kumush
|
Ag
|
108
|
Bor
|
B
|
11
|
Kripton
|
Kr
|
84
|
Skandiy
|
Sc
|
45
|
Brom
|
Br
|
80
|
Ksenon
|
Xe
|
131
|
Stronsiy
|
Sr
|
88
|
Vanadiy
|
V
|
51
|
Lantan
|
La
|
139
|
Surma
|
Sb
|
122
|
Vismut
|
Bi
|
209
|
Litiy
|
Li
|
7
|
Talliy
|
Tl
|
204
|
Vodorod
|
H
|
1
|
Magniy
|
Mg
|
24
|
Tantal
|
Ta
|
181
|
Volfram
|
W
|
184
|
Marganes
|
Mn
|
55
|
Tellur
|
Te
|
128
|
Galliy
|
Ga
|
70
|
Mis
|
Cu
|
64
|
Titan
|
Ti
|
48
|
Gafniy
|
Hf
|
178,5
|
Molibden
|
Mo
|
96
|
Yglerod
|
C
|
12
|
Geliy
|
He
|
4
|
Mishyak
|
As
|
75
|
Uran
|
U
|
238
|
Germaniy
|
Ge
|
73
|
Natriy
|
Na
|
23
|
Fosfor
|
P
|
31
|
Temir
|
Fe
|
56
|
Neon
|
Ne
|
20
|
Ftor
|
F
|
19
|
Oltin
|
Au
|
194
|
Nikel
|
Ni
|
59
|
Xlor
|
Cl
|
35,5
|
Indiy
|
Jn
|
115
|
Niobiy
|
Nb
|
93
|
Xrom
|
Cr
|
52
|
Yod
|
J
|
127
|
Qalay
|
Sn
|
119
|
Seziy
|
Cs
|
133
|
Itriy
|
X
|
89
|
Platina
|
Pt
|
195
|
Rux
|
Zn
|
65
|
Kadmiy
|
Cd
|
112
|
Simob
|
Hg
|
201
|
Sirkoniy
|
Zr
|
91
|
Ba’zi gazlarning 1 l normal sharoitdagi massasi, g.
2 – jadval
T/r
|
Gazning nomi.
|
Massasi
|
1
|
Azot
|
1,2504
|
2
|
Vodorod
|
0,0987
|
3
|
Havo
|
1,2930
|
4
|
Uglerod (IV) oksid
|
1,9768
|
5
|
Kislorod
|
1,4290
|
6
|
Azot (II) oksid
|
1,3402
|
7
|
Vodorod sulfide
|
1,5392
|
Elementlarning nisbiy elektromanfiyliklari.
3 – jadval
Davrlar
|
I
gruppa
|
II
gruppa
|
III
gruppa
|
IV
gruppa
|
VI
gruppa
|
VII
gruppa
|
VIII
gruppa
|
XI
gruppa
|
X
gruppa
|
XI
gruppa
|
1
|
H
2,10
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
He
|
2
|
Li
0,97
|
Be
1,47
|
B
2,01
|
C
2,50
|
N
3,07
|
O
3,50
|
F
4,10
|
|
|
_
|
3
|
Na
1,01
|
Mg
1,23
|
Al
1,47
|
Si
1,74
|
P
2,1
|
S
2,6
|
Cl
2,83
|
|
|
Ar
|
4
|
K
0,9
|
Ca
1,04
|
Sc
1,20
|
Ti
1,32
|
V
1,45
|
Cr
1,56
|
Mn
1,60
|
Fe
1,64
|
Co
1,70
|
Ni
1,75
|
Cu
1,75
|
Zn
1,66
|
Ga
1,82
|
G
2,02
|
As
2,20
|
Se
2,48
|
Br
2,74
|
|
|
Kr
-
|
5
|
Pb
0,89
|
Sr
0,99
|
V
1,11
|
Zr
1,22
|
Nb
1,23
|
Mo
1,30
|
Tc
1,36
|
Pi
1,42
|
Ph
1,45
|
Pd
1,35
|
Ag
1,42
|
Cd
1,46
|
In
1,49
|
Sn
1,72
|
Sb
1,82
|
Te
2,01
|
I
2,21
|
|
|
Xe
-
|
6
|
Cs
0,86
|
Ba
0,97
|
*
|
Hf
1,23
|
Ta
1,33
|
W
1,40
|
Re
1,46
|
Os
1,52
|
Ir
1,55
|
Pt
1,44
|
Au
1,42
|
Hg 1,44
|
TI 1,44
|
Pb 1,55
|
Bi 1,67
|
Po 1,67
|
At 1,90
|
|
|
Rn -
|
7
|
Fr
|
Ra
|
**
|
*Lantanoidlar: 1,08 – 1,44
**Aktinoidlar: 1,00 – 1,20
|
250C da suvli eritmalarda ayrim kuchsiz elektrolitlarning
dissotsiatsiyalanish konstantasi.
4 – jadval
Elektrolit
|
K
|
pH= − lgK
|
Nitrat kislota HNO3
Nitrit kislota HNO2
Ammoniy gidrooksid NH4OH
Ortoborat kislota H3BO3, K1
Vodorod peroksid H2O2, K1
Silikat kislota H2SO3, K1, K2
Chumoli kislota HCOOH
Sulfat kislota H2SO4, K1,K2
Sulfit kislota H2SO3, K1, K2
Sulfid kislota H2S, K1, K2
Tellurit kislota H2TeO3, K1, K2
Tellurid kislota H2Te O2
Karbolat kislota H2CO3
Sirka kislota CH3COOH
Gipoxlorit kislota HOCl
Xlorsirka kislota CH2ClCOOH
Ortofosfat kislota H3PO4, K1, K2, K3
Ftorid kislota HF
Sianid kislota HCN
Otquloq kislota H2C2O4, K1, K2
|
2,6 ∙ 10 -5
4 ∙ 10 -4
1.8 ∙ 10 – 5
5.8 ∙ 10 – 10
2.6 ∙ 10 – 12
2.2 ∙ 10 – 10
1.6 ∙ 10 – 12
1.8 ∙ 10 – 4
1.2 ∙ 10 – 2
1.6 ∙ 10 – 2
6.3 ∙ 10 – 8
6 ∙ 10 – 8
1 ∙ 10 – 14
3 ∙ 10 – 3
2 ∙ 10 – 8
1 ∙ 10 – 3
1 ∙ 10 – 11
4.5 ∙ 10 – 7
4.7 ∙ 10 – 11
1.8 ∙ 10 – 6
5.0 ∙ 10 – 8
1.4 ∙ 10 – 3
7.5 ∙ 10 – 3
6.3 ∙ 10 – 8
1.3 ∙ 10 – 12
6.6 ∙ 10 – 4
5.4 ∙ 10 – 2
5.4 ∙ 10 – 5
|
4,59
3,40
4,75
9,24
11,58
9,66
11,80
3,74
1,92
1,80
7,21
7,22
14,0
2,5
7,7
3,0
11,0
6,35
10,33
4,75
7,30
2,85
2,12
7,20
11,89
3,18
1,27
4,27
|
Tuzli eritmalarning foiz konsentratsiyasi va zichligi.
5 – jadval
Foiz konsen
tratsiya
|
Zichligi 21 sm3 (200C da)
|
NaCl
|
(NH4)SO4
|
NH4NO3
|
BaCl2
|
NaNO3
|
NH4Cl
|
1
|
1,005
|
1,004
|
1,002
|
|
1,005
|
1,001
|
2
|
1,012
|
1,010
|
1,006
|
1,016
|
1,012
|
1,004
|
3
|
1,027
|
1,022
|
1,015
|
1,034
|
1,025
|
1,011
|
6
|
1,041
|
1,034
|
1,023
|
1,058
|
1,039
|
1,017
|
8
|
1,056
|
1,046
|
1,031
|
1,072
|
1,053
|
1,023
|
10
|
1,071
|
1,057
|
1,040
|
1,092
|
1,067
|
1,029
|
12
|
1,086
|
1,069
|
1,049
|
1,113
|
1,082
|
1,034
|
14
|
1,101
|
1,081
|
1,057
|
1,134
|
1,097
|
1,040
|
16
|
1,116
|
1,092
|
1,065
|
1,156
|
1,112
|
1,046
|
18
|
1,132
|
1,104
|
1,074
|
1,179
|
1,127
|
1,051
|
20
|
1,148
|
1,115
|
1,083
|
1,203
|
1,143
|
1,057
|
24
|
1,180
|
1,138
|
1,100
|
1,253
|
1,175
|
|
28
|
|
1,161
|
1,119
|
|
1,209
|
|
35
|
|
1,200
|
1,151
|
|
1,270
|
|
MUNDARIJA.
Kirish……………………………………………………………………………….4
Xavfsizlik texnikasi va ish o`rnini jihozlash ……...………….……………………5
Laboratoriyada qo`llaniladigan kimyoviy idishlar va asboblar……………………8
Anorganik birikmalarni sinflari……………………………………………………11
Laboratoriya ishi №1. Anorganik birikmalarning sinflari……..………………….13
Metallarning kimyoviy xossalari…………………………………………………..14
Laboratoriya ishi №2a. Metallarning kimyoviy xossalari ………………….…….16
Metallar korroziyasi va undan saqlanish usullari....................................................18
Laboratoriya ishi №2b. Metallar korroziyasi va undan saqlanish usullari..............19
Elektrokimyoviy jarayonlar....................................................................................20
Laboratoriya ishi №3. Elektrokimyoviy jarayonlar …….…………………………24
Adabiyotlar….……………….…………………………………….……..………...27
Ilova ….........…………………………………………………………………….....28
Mudarija.................................................................................................................34
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