‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Open values and goals
Once the ‘non-negotiable’ bottom line is understood, and true ecological and social sustainability is 
agreed on, it is necessary to arrive at a mutual understanding of different points of view regarding 
planning goals and design objectives. It is 
not
necessary to share philosophical beliefs, political 
positions or lifestyle choices in order to agree on basic design criteria and solutions. However, 
differing perspectives and potential differences in tastes, values or preferences can be signalled from 
the outset and accommodated through design. The aim is not to agree, but to find design solutions 
that satisfy all interests. Negotiating, bargaining and tradeoff frameworks lead to ‘them versus us’ 
attitudes. Design, in contrast, has the unique ‘potential’ to satisfy all interests, if people participate 
in good faith. If the ethical bases of processes are explicit and are agreed, it will help to avoid power 
games or backroom deals. A fundamental decision principle is that actions must aim to make the 
public as a whole better off, without causing either unjust enrichment or harm to others (the Green 
Optimum). If this does not materialize, our decision frameworks will continue to offset negatives 
with mitigation measures, not improvements.
Collaboration and inclusion
The design process should be undertaken with the confidence that win–win–win solutions can be 
reached. In participatory design teams, whether cross-sector (eg government–business–community, 
or rural–urban) or cross-disciplinary (eg professional–academic–lay citizen), it is important to make 
all decisions in the open. A common pattern in conventional design processes is ‘performance 
anxiety’. When group members lack confidence, they may unconsciously undermine the process 
or project. Collaborative design and charrette-type processes help to bypass insecurities by sharing 
initiative, talent and action. Also, where environmental and development interests may conflict, it 
is necessary to avoid hidden agendas. Participants should therefore agree to bring any concerns to 
meetings for open discussion and resolution, and to discuss any relevant ex-camera discussions. A 
memorandum of understanding (MOU) should set out the contribution that each participant will 
make. There should also be the ‘right of veto’ if it can be shown that any final design solutions or 
proposed actions are not ‘fair’ to any legitimate public interests.

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