‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Full cost pricing
Means of making the economy more rational from a whole systems perspective have been proposed 
by ecological economists (and largely ignored by mainstream economists). Full cost pricing is often 
presented as a solution. It certainly makes sense, and could replace many costly regulatory and 
incentives schemes. However, it has not yet been politically feasible due, apparently, to things like 
fear on the part of politicians of raising costs to consumers. Somehow it seems easier to subsidize 
rainwater tanks or photovoltaic cells than to charge more for water or energy. Regulations and 
incentives create jobs in bureaucracies for overseeing compliance activity (or designing web-based 
forms) to disseminate transaction costs. Design solutions, in the meantime, could create new green 
businesses while solving problems created by, among other things, the lack of full cost pricing. 


250
Positive Development
Opportunity cost
In analysing the relative costs and benefits of proposed developments, the opportunity cost should 
be a central consideration. Most land-use development is irreversible, so the optimal use of land 
from an ecological as well as social perspective is critical. Similarly, the costs of inaction to improve 
existing development can be higher than the costs of action. But planning should also identify 
ecological and social problems that can be solved by development. That is, we should look at potential 
‘opportunity gains’ as well as ‘opportunity costs’. Some oppose development in general, and some 
oppose the environment in general, but environmental mediation by design has shown that the two 
groups can find common ground to create win–win–win outcomes. NGOs, partnerships and third 
sector businesses can act without waiting for governments. 
Chapter 15 partially summarizes the preceding chapters and outlines a process for approaching the 
design of net Positive Development through community-led planning.



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