‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


Step 1: Establish Common Ground on Sustainability Concepts



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Step 1: Establish Common Ground on Sustainability Concepts
The first stage in the SmartMode process involves making assumptions and values explicit, and 
agreeing on goals, ground-rules and processes. This investment in communication is to avoid costly 
misunderstandings or crossed wires later on. Key issues are put on the table at the outset. These include 
people’s conceptions of sustainability: differing values, goals, problem definitions and terminology.
We saw that most planning and futures thinking tools try to be value neutral (or ‘positivist’) and 
valueless (or ‘post-modern’), which only protects the status quo from introspection. The status quo 
means increasing polarization of wealth and irreversible ecological decline and ultimately, some would 
argue, genocide. So Positive Development is, in contrast, a substantively rational goal. The debate 
should thus focus on different means and priorities to achieve sustainability, not partisan values or 
interests. Sustainability should be the point of departure, not something to be re-invented.
Definition of sustainability [Introduction]
If a project team or community group is serious about working for sustainability, they will adopt a 
strong definition similar to that presented in this book – preserving and expanding future options.
Without this fundamental paradigm shift to a sustainability standard, we will only continue to 
take ‘less bad’ steps in the wrong direction. This would not be worth an NGO’s time. The strong 
definition of sustainability recognizes that nature is a living ecosystem – not a set of inputs and 
outputs. The alternative – the economists’ notion of ‘substitution’ of natural capital and environments 
by manufactured or built capital – denies future generations meaningful choices. Substitution in 
physical development has meant the replacement of fertile, life-giving environments with sterile 
boxes (however uniquely shaped). Further, democratic processes become impotent over time if 


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The SmartMode Process
resources and land are alienated through non-sustainable allocation and distribution systems. Physical 
development must secure universal access to the means of survival. Otherwise future generations 
will lose any meaningful say about the means of survival – let alone their quality of life. If we leave 
future generations ‘ecologically bankrupt’, they cannot choose to create a sustainable society, as the 
decision will come too late.

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