‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Step 4: Conduct Forensic Audits 
Once the organizational matters and broad goals are agreed, the community group, or public–
private+community partnership, can begin to identify priority areas for Positive Development or 
eco-innovation projects. Various auditing processes can be requested from governments to acquire 
information and inspiration upon which to base projects and designs (that is if governments become 
service providers). A forensic audit can identify significant unilateral transfers of human and natural 
resources (RT analysis), trace these impacts back to causes (ID analysis), compare current to initial 
bioregional conditions (ET analysis), and determine the ongoing costs of current development (CI 
analysis). Mapping these flows – notionally or quantitatively, depending on the scale of the project 
– will assist in determining priorities for direct positive action.
These analyses can be simply workshop thinking tools or large-scale research exercises. In either case, 
cross-disciplinary and cross-sector workshops can help at various stages to identify critical elements, 
flows, system boundaries, and key social and natural resource issues. This fourth step should precede 
the selection of decision and innovation tools (below), as these often conceal contextual issues, and 
limit parameters to ‘the known’. For example, we have seen how most tools confuse the environmental 
with the ecological dimension. Thus the SmartMode process identifies systems or environments that 
can be improved before selecting specific decision tools that help to select among variables. 


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The SmartMode Process
Identify linear resource flows and waste [Chapter 8]
If there are limited resources (eg of time, money or staff), a simple waste analysis can be undertaken 
by private firms, communities or public agencies. The identification of linear flows undertaken as a 
separate exercise can be a shortcut to finding eco-efficiencies that will create a return on investment.
For example, local councils or industries might find a supply of low-cost local materials or, conversely, 
customers for discards.

An abridged version of an MFA and/or LCA of, say, a region, farm or city, may uncover
significant inefficiencies. These expose places where loops can be closed or even utilize the
past build up of waste, toxins and so on.
• 
Equity mapping could expose areas where a pattern of unilateral choices has disadvantaged
some, and where we could, say, create jobs in retrofitting or creating public amenities to
reduce inequities. 
Small-scale audits should not stop at ‘picking the lowest fruit’, however. For entrepreneurial purposes, 
looking for areas of waste, and assessing inputs and outputs, may be sufficient for purposes of saving 
money or reducing pollution through eco-efficiencies. Such projects could, however, conflict with 
whole systems eco-solutions. The following analyses can help to identify whole systems issues that 
Positive Development projects can address.

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