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Isn’t it simply too late to restore natural systems?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Isn’t it simply too late to restore natural systems?
We could think in terms of gradually, but systematically, replacing engineering structures with 
natural systems that were previously replaced by engineering structures. In some places, like 
California, serious consideration is being given to ‘unplugging’ certain dams and letting rivers return 
to original flows. This is not just romanticism. Increasingly, people are realizing that a return to 
natural conditions would be more economical and efficient from a whole systems perspective. Other 
alternatives to privatizing and/or piping water include design concepts like the ‘chain-of-ponds’, a 
water restoration approach for drought-ridden Australia. This concept, developed by Australian 
farmer Peter Andrews, was based on the study of ecological systems that preceded the advent of 
Western agriculture [Box 46].
48
By creating a series of ponds off the main river, flooding, loss of 
topsoil and other problems caused by interventions in the natural flow of rivers have been reversed.
The approach creates synergistic effects in the environment that pipelines do not, such as purifying 
water, increasing biodiversity and habitat, and reducing floods. The system works as a Living Machine, 
but on a landscape scale. It may only be suitable for certain landscapes, however. An earlier advocate 
of using natural systems was Ian McCarg, who looked at solutions for a wide range of conditions.
Back in the 1960s, he developed landscape design concepts based on the biophysical characteristics of 
regions. He looked to the original landscape and ecosystem functions for inspiration in his seminal 
Design with Nature
.
49
How would this apply to urban bioregional planning in built-up areas?
The advantage of the urban context is that, unlike natural areas, cities could increase overall carrying 
capacity over pre-development conditions. This would require 
neither
the kind of large-scale, socially-
disruptive re-development associated with post-war planning 
nor
the abdication of planning to 
incremental approvals of (least bad) market-driven development. After all, the ownership of buildings 
is constantly being transferred, and buildings constantly upgraded and re-sold. So eco-retrofitting 
can occur as opportunities arise. Buildings, their façades and roofs, and the spaces between them 
can be ‘churned’ through an eco-retrofitting programme as they become ready for refurbishment, 
in a virtuous circle. But again, sustainable design solutions will not become mainstream until the 
political ramifications of current accounting methods are made transparent. Putting alternatives on 
an equal footing would not be difficult, but it is seldom done.
 
The capital budgets of maintaining large 
buildings or universities are enormous and expensive refurbishments are periodically undertaken.
Such ‘deferred maintenance’ of unsustainable development is not worth the long-term cost, but we 
discount the future. Due partly to current accounting methods, however, decision-makers seldom 
consider investments that would reduce maintenance costs by using natural systems. In a sustainability 
analysis, we should at least put the status quo system and the proposed alternatives on the same page.
Instead of the ‘sunk cost’ in vast industrial infrastructure, we would compare the relative costs of the 


215
Bioregional Planning 
status quo and eco-logical design alternatives 
as if
neither were yet in place, and consider what each 
would cost to maintain in the long run.

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