‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


But how can comparing original and current conditions lead to systems design?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

But how can comparing original and current conditions lead to systems design?
To look for planning solutions that can counteract problems of existing development, we can map 
how past physical interventions in natural and social systems have led to current biophysical and 
social disorder. Diagnostic and creative stages need not necessarily occur in a set order, of course.
By analysing a human-designed system relative to its ‘natural context’, however, some previously 
unrecognized opportunities for biomimicry may come into relief. For example, we saw how man-
made interventions in river systems for irrigation and flood control in Australia have led to major 
disruptions of ‘environmental flows’. This has, in turn, contributed to floods, droughts, salinity, 
erosion, the loss of habitats and ecosystems, and so on. Substantial work has been invested in 
proposals to improve irrigation- and water-management efficiency. Some of the proposals in Australia 
have included:

Piping water from one drought-ridden area to another where the drought is ‘worse’ 
• 
Diverting a river from a wet region to a dry one that would mix different river ecosystems
• 
Moving farmers to tropical regions, where there is lots of water
• 
Creating storage dams upstream with a network of pipes, so that water could be released in
times of drought
The aim in some instances has been to open up new areas for agriculture – not for ecological rationality 
or restoration. None of these ‘solutions’ really treat water as a critical part of the system, let alone 
the ecological base. There appears to be little interest in how such human interventions created the 
problems in the first place.
Wouldn’t efficient use of water automatically support the ecology?
Yes and no. By way of example, the Pratt Report on water efficiency in Australia (2004) identified 
1,334,000 megalitres per year of unaccounted or lost water flows. It showed that a $824 million 
investment in infrastructure to save water would translate into $293 million per year of additional 
farm-gate production income, and $421 million of new capital investment opportunities in production 
enterprises, which could lead to a $245 million boost to regional income and 4500 new jobs.
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It was 
claimed that piping water to upstream storage areas for later agricultural uses would create efficiencies 
and leave enough water for the environment. However, a precedent was the Snowy Mountains 
electricity scheme in Australia, which replaced a river with pipes and killed a whole river ecosystem.
Communities downstream lost more water than they could afford to. Proposals to circulate water 
through pipes rather than through landscape forms are attractive to economical rationalists. Where 
water is piped, it can be ‘privatized’. Pipes also enable (private or public) enterprises to control the 
future supply of water. The privatization of the basic means of survival is seldom a ‘reversible’ decision 
because, again, the concentration of economic power through control of basic needs (food and water) 
leads to political power.
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The risks of privatized water pipes in a ‘free’ market also include a loss of 


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Positive Development
resource security, equity, eco-efficiency and even national security. In many parts of the world, the 
poor cannot afford water where water systems have been privatized.
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Therefore piping water – the 
industrial solution – could have irreversible impacts on our democratic systems and security as well.
Ownership is one means of stimulating investment, but it often occurs at the cost of giving away public 
assets at below cost. We should not pay plumbers by giving them the tap and sink. Mechanistic 
approaches that start from where we are now, without reference to the initial ecological state and 
equity considerations, seldom lead to synergistic, ‘reversible’ solutions.

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