‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


How did planning learn to deal with multiple needs and risk of change then?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

How did planning learn to deal with multiple needs and risk of change then?
The theoretical break with ‘rationalist’ planning came with systems metaphors and incremental 
adaptive management. Incrementalism was introduced in the planning literature by Davidoff in 
1962.
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Incrementalist approaches to decision-making basically meant taking small steps to avoid big 
risks. By the 1970s, planning theorists realized they were dealing with open systems, and increasingly 
saw planning as one way of making incremental decisions in a context of uncertainty.
11
Systems 
concepts like cybernetics, where decisions are based on feedback systems, came into vogue.
12
Terms 
such as ‘feedback’, ‘iterative’ and ‘cybernetic’ imbued planning with a whole systems approach.
Nonetheless, this new planning theory left out the ecology – the foundational system. In some 
cases, planning theory treated ecology as an abstraction that could be represented by energy alone.
In other cases, planning literature regarded ecology as merely environmental amenity for people.
Adaptive management suited the new (partial) systems image. Adaptive management refers to making 
experimental
management steps, checking their feedback signals and impacts, and then revising 
strategies accordingly.
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However progressive in theory, incremental adaptive approaches were 


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Bioregional Planning 
transplanted into the dominant ‘change management’ framework. Incremental, adaptive, participatory 
planning continued to dislocate established and viable human communities and ecosystems. Thus it 
had on-ground results not dissimilar to the large-scale redevelopment programmes of the post-WWII 
period that it theoretically deposed.
Does participatory planning balance development and community interests?
Participatory design processes have often been useful in resolving conflicts. There is little evidence, 
however, that they have succeeded in creating more sustainable systems designs. This is partly because 
participation has been largely interest group struggle, when the reality is a disparity of power. The 
history of community participation in some observers’ view has often been one of manipulation 
– a contest between the gullible and the duplicitous – even if some win and lose ‘less’ than they 
otherwise might have.
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In a paradigm of interest group competition or pluralist struggle, community 
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