Isn’t it up to the market to determine the choice of urban forms and patterns?
It would appear that the market is doing land-use planning. The market thinks only about maximizing
residential units per land area. It is not conserving open spaces required for adaptation to unexpected
future social and technological changes. Also, many new green developments are essentially
exclusionary. A whole new ‘sustainable city’ is being developed largely by private investment in
Dongtan near Shanghai, China. It is reputedly the biggest single building project in the world.
12
Commissioned in 2005, an early phase should be finished by 2010 for an Expo in Shanghai. It is
expected to have 500,000 residents by 2040 and will be self-sufficient in energy, food and water and
almost zero CO
2
in transport emissions. It will occupy 630 hectares of ‘green field’ (ie previously
undeveloped) agricultural land on an island, connected to the mainland with tunnels and bridges.
Linked to Shanghai with a freeway, visitors will park cars outside the city and use public transport
and water taxis. There are plans to protect nature preserves on the island. The leading engineering
firm, ARUP, promises to ‘offset’ the greenhouse emissions of its own employees. However, early
promotional pictures suggest a technocratic vision of the future: another green ‘technology park’.
While this impressive project may set a new standard of environmental efficiency, it may also, like
other business parks, primarily serve the needs of new industries, such as biotech and software
companies and their elite employees. At this stage, this market-driven solution does not look like
it will do much to redress the social, economic or environmental problems of existing cities. In the
meantime, established cities and cultures around the world are deteriorating.
If the market fails, can’t planners simply regulate for sustainable urban design?
Relying on either business or planning authorities to guide real estate markets has not yet led to
overall progress towards sustainable cities. Green spin improves consumer awareness, but can also lull
consumers into complacency and consumption. Energy, materials and space consumption and car
use per capita continue to grow, while the ecological base and public estate is eroded.
13
Meanwhile,
indicators of ‘genuine progress’ are showing a diminution in public perceptions of their life quality
and wellbeing [Box 34]. As Hamilton notes, people are often less happy as material consumption
increases.
14
Further, planning legislation has not addressed its contra-ecological legacy. Most cities
established plans and policies that shaped development patterns long before sustainability was
conceived. Even now that it is often included as a ‘fundamental’ planning goal, decisions affecting
urban land use and density are still made without any real consideration of sustainability [Chapter
12]. In Australia, for example, land release for development continues without regard to the ultimate
limits of land, space or urban form. Planning for sustainability is still about mitigating the impacts of
market expansion and population growth. In other words, neither the market (business) nor planning
(government) sectors has begun to deal seriously with the ultimate implications of their intellectual
heritage and internal dynamics in relation to sustainability. That leaves the community.
26
Positive Development
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