‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Eco-design reporting
would show how existing eco-technologies, eco-logical design concepts and 
new innovations were explored and integrated into a design to create positive impacts. When eco-
innovations were not used, reasons would be required.
Eco-efficiency
is the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs 
and enhance quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity 
throughout the life-cycle.
2
Eco-governance
refers to decision structures designed explicitly to suit the nature of ecological and 
sustainability issues. This implies intellectual, institutional and technical systems that protect the 
underlying ecological and democratic platforms that make sustainability possible.
Eco-innovation
is an institutional or technological design that improves human and environmental 
health, wellbeing and equity while reducing resource consumption (ie whole systems efficiency), by 
utilizing natural systems that replace ‘unnecessary’ machines or products.
Ecological base
is an umbrella term for natural capital, biodiversity, ecosystem goods and services, 
ecological health and resilience, bio-security, etc. It represents the life-support system and ‘means 
of survival’. Those services not under private control represent the ‘public estate’.
Ecological footprint
is the 
equivalent
area of land and water needed to produce the supplies from 
around the world to feed, clothe, house and entertain urban dwellers in a given city. A city’s ecological 
footprint can be many times greater than the geographic footprint.
Ecological space
is the effective ecological area provided in a development. It is a measure of positive 
impacts (eg air and water cleaning and natural heating, cooling and ventilating) – in contrast with 
the ‘ecological footprint’ (or negative impacts that can only be minimized).

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