‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


But surely we hold corporations accountable for negligence?



Download 3,71 Mb.
Pdf ko'rish
bet305/467
Sana27.06.2022
Hajmi3,71 Mb.
#707769
1   ...   301   302   303   304   305   306   307   308   ...   467
Bog'liq
Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

But surely we hold corporations accountable for negligence?
We tend to ignore negligent behaviour if nature intervenes. When individuals are negligent, they 
can be held accountable for consequences to others, despite the unexpected intervention of people 
or objects. A series of repercussions that flow from one’s negligent action may not alleviate one’s 
responsibility if the intervening factors are man-made objects or variable human characteristics. For 
example, if one negligently causes an object to roll, causing a blind person to be injured, one may be 
deemed liable. However, if one’s negligence has indirect impacts on the natural environment, which 
in turn causes downstream harm to people, the results can be quite different in practice. Intervening 
natural systems are often implicitly attributed to ‘acts of God’. For instance, if hills are denuded by 
developers or foresters and this results in landslides or floods years later, individuals, governments and 
corporations may escape liability. We saw how many farmers have lost their livelihoods because water 
was not managed properly and more water rights were allocated than existed. The (then) Australian 
Prime Minister announced that people should ‘pray for rain’ – as if it were due to an act of God instead 
of the ‘inaction’ of governments and officials. (Another example of nature being blamed was the recent 
destruction of 30,000 homes by hot mudflows caused by drilling in Java.) Corporations often argue 
that nature’s unwarranted response to our interventions breaks the chain of human accountability.
17
Remote downstream consequences in a complex system are not yet considered an adequate basis for 
limiting ‘freedom to’ generate wealth, let alone increasing ‘freedom from’ harm by others.
Is that because it is too hard to anticipate and measure collateral damage?
Partly. But it is also because our environmental analysis frameworks are highly selective. Even 
though human health impacts were the initial reason for the creation of environmental protection 
laws and agencies, we under-estimate these cumulative impacts. It is difficult to measure incremental, 
cumulative negative impacts in a complex open system. However, internalities or unjust enrichment 
would be easy to measure: we could use the existing tax system to rectify these imbalances. We 
have chosen not to measure the inordinate benefits that a private organization receives due to, say, 
the past investment in economic growth made by governments. We never ‘call in the loans’, so to 
speak. Moreover, public infrastructure is often sold off below cost, under the guise of more efficient 
management. When negative impacts result from privatization, it is too late ecologically, and too 
difficult politically, to reverse the decision. This is despite the fact that the long-term effects of unjust 
enrichment could, in some instances, be greater than some of the externalities. When oil rights in 
a rainforest, a coastal area or wetlands are allocated, these decisions create enormous financial gains 
for a few, and close off future options for the many. We have seen that the ideologies that underlie 
the design of institutional mechanisms can bias outcomes. However, design of planning institutions 
themselves can actually work as transfer mechanisms.


245
Reversing Resource Transfers

Download 3,71 Mb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
1   ...   301   302   303   304   305   306   307   308   ...   467




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©hozir.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling

kiriting | ro'yxatdan o'tish
    Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha


yuklab olish