How can the design of planning institutions foster resource transfers?
All institutional mechanisms transfer resources. These include regulatory regimes, legislative
structures, taxes, subsidies, and other sorts of incentives, doctrines and policies. Their design will
tend to favour either the general public interest or special interests. There is a tendency, however, not
to look at the outcomes of the design of the institutional systems that allocate resources. Systems are
seen as neutral. Of course, there are regulatory impact assessments that analyse the economic costs
and benefits of regulations. However, these assessments generally only compare costs and benefits
within an economic framework. They set a monetary value on the lives lost or saved by environmental
regulations. We also need to examine the long-term consequences of planning systems, to determine
if they are making a contribution to more sustainable outcomes (as in ID analysis). Instead, as we have
seen, planning agencies develop mission statements, lists of criteria and complex project assessment
mechanisms. The problem with the view that ‘if the process is right, the outcome will be right’ is that
it is an attempt at procedural automation. It avoids responsibility for substantive outcomes. Thus
the response to ‘that is unfair’ is often ‘but that is our system’ (ie the system is accepted as a given).
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We need to assess our planning systems themselves. It would be a relatively easy research task to see
if planning and decision mechanisms are, in effect, transferring resources over time from public to
private interests, poor to rich, future to present generations and nature to development.
How do decision systems transfer resources from public to private?
A key question is not whether resources are controlled primarily in the public or private sector, but
what checks and balances there are over the power to influence outcomes. Again, it is the
differentials
in power that shape future decisions, as power is a function of ownership or control of basic resources.
Either government agencies and/or corporations can effectively privatize or ‘piratize’ natural capital
through the absence of substantively democratic processes [Chapter 13]. Outsourcing to consultants
(privatizing information) or trading systems (privatizing ecosystem goods and services) appear
superficially to be merely administrative expediencies or means to implement policies. They are
judged only by how well their internal aims are met, not their long-term consequences for social and
ecological sustainability. This is because systems outcomes cannot be predicted and assessed without
examining the transfer of resources from public to private control over time. It is partly this
lack
of
critical, institutional analysis and open, democratic processes that has facilitated expropriations in
the past (where resources are extracted from the public domain at below replacement cost). Control
of the basic means of survival – whether in a bureaucracy or corporation – is not easily reversed.
Unchecked control over resources will tend to increase the disparity of rich and poor and the loss of
substantive democracy in a vicious spiral.
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