What does this diversity mean for planning processes in actual practice?
Decision-making structures and processes, as well as lifestyles, would vary according to the local
ecological and cultural context. Some general principles would apply universally, however. For
example, planning processes would prioritize lay citizen input. Bioregionalists hold that since
local traditions evolved in relation to unique natural conditions, local people, especially those who
work the land, often maintain a deeper understanding of their regions than central authorities or
professional planners [Box 45]. While local residents generally have the best knowledge of local
environmental and social issues, however, they often lack ‘ecological literacy’. Studies indicate that
children know many more corporate logos than native plants and animals in their bioregion.
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So, in
reality, many local inhabitants are not really in touch with their ecological home. Bioregional planning
is therefore concerned with creating processes that encourage people to learn to reconnect with, and
‘reinhabit’, the bioregion. By ‘living in place’ and coming to understand the local ecology, people
would presumably make better decisions regarding land use and development. Both participatory
planning and environmental education, therefore, are integral parts of bioregionalism. Consequently,
bioregional planning has sometimes been less about the transition to sustainable systems, and more
a vehicle for environmental education through participation.
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Isn’t participation already an essential element of most planning systems?
Participation is an issue that seems to reinvent itself every few years. As suggested earlier, that
‘bottom–up’ planning systems can have very different consequences, depending on whether they are in
a competitive or a collaborative context. This was a major planning concern in America in the 1960s,
when urban advocacy planning emerged. Planners, architects and other professionals worked with
community groups to develop community plans and sometimes ‘counter-plans’ in opposition to major
re-development proposals. Like advocacy planning, bioregionalism attempts to take participation
in planning to a new level of community empowerment, well beyond consultation, surveys or other
user preference studies. People are expected to participate in hands-on planning exercises, such as
conducting inventories of local species and habitats. Citizen mapping exercises, where people draw
maps of how they ‘experience’ their local areas, are one of the ways of eliciting what is meaningful to
local citizens about their existing environments. Charrettes are also increasingly popular in obtaining
wide input from the community and setting goals for a community or region.
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While bioregional
processes make people more aware of their ecological home, they also aim to enable communities
to
envision
better futures. Bioregionalism goes beyond the advocacy model, which merely tried to
reduce the impacts of capitalism. Bioregionalism also aims for the creation of appropriate systems of
eco-governance. It recognizes that genuinely democratic processes require substantive due process,
not just participation in procedures [Chapter 13].
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