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Can planning and decision theories really become excuses for inaction?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Can planning and decision theories really become excuses for inaction?
In theory, the individual decision-maker, trying to ‘muddle’ his way through a pinball machine of 
obstacles and opportunities, makes choices on the run by what was called a ‘satisficing’ process.
26
This means doing what is good enough or expedient. However, in reality, risk minimization and 
opportunism have often been critical decision factors in the bureaucratic context. Inaction appears 
to be the safest personal survival strategy in a defensive organizational culture. Creating diversions or 
displacement activity (eg calling for another study) can do a lot to make an individual or department 
appear productive. Failing that, a scattergun approach can be used – aiming for 
any
‘runs on the 
board’ where opportunities arise, to appear productive or obtain measurable performance outcomes.
Setting incremental targets – instead of incremental actions – also works to advantage where one 
does not want to take affirmative steps. Such bureaucratic survival strategies are not necessarily 
undertaken on a conscious level. Nonetheless, they do presuppose that we can continue on the 
same basic trajectory. Incremental adaptive change management approaches are most appropriate 
when we want to reduce the threats of current trends upon the status quo or our jobs. Like other 
environmental management methods, they start from where we are now. But this works only if we are 
already headed in the right direction. An incremental decision process only makes small errors at a 
time, case-by-case. Nonetheless, it shapes the future as irreversibly as master planning. By inaction, 
it pre-determines, but does not design, the future. 
What’s wrong with incremental adaptive planning pre-determining the future?
Creating the infrastructure for nature and society to heal themselves requires affirmative action in 
design and implementation. The rise of incrementalist planning theory was partly because of the need 
for planning to appear more relevant to the market. In the dominant ideology, government is not 
supposed to ‘intervene in the market’. Only the market is allowed to intervene in governance.
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But 
while the market could be a driver of resource efficiency – given the right regulatory framework and 
signals – it cannot 
create
sustainability. Likewise, an incremental planning system that is paramorphic 
with the market cannot protect and increase the public estate and ecological base. Incrementalism 
therefore encourages people to accept the given environment and structures of power as the base 
line. In other words, current power relationships are accepted as the natural order. In this ‘pragmatic’ 


208
Positive Development
framework, past cumulative resource transfers that have created vested interests are not on the table.
Thus, currently, planning minimizes the inequitable outcomes of an inherited power structure that 
society did not consciously design, or even agree to. We will not try to design a better system of 
eco-governance, however, if we are given to believe there are only two models to choose from: the 
market or bureaucracy [Chapter 13]. In both these systems, the more fundamental ethical issues 
underpinning sustainability are out of bounds. Thus, for example, what is now called ‘planning for 
sustainability’ is often just the greening of development control criteria. However, planning could 
be designed to help society envision ‘what could be’.

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