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Bioregional Planning
over other people or groups, not including the widest range of people and views. Of course, pluralist
planning has descriptive value, as the dualistic, ‘either/or’ thinking that characterizes interest group
politics has been an integral part of day-to-day planning practice. Development control often involves
negotiating and bargaining with developers and/or mediating between developers and community
groups. Thus a mantra among many planners has been ‘planning is politics – it is all about making
tradeoffs’. Planners can, of course, require that developments include public uses or amenities. But in
so doing, they are often in the position of supplicants, trying to extract concessions from developers
and politicians. In this situation, planners are unlikely to challenge existing patterns of infrastructure,
resource allocation and wealth transfers. Competition and tradeoffs can, of course, help to resolve
short-term conflicts over land use and development. In general, though, compromise and offsets
resolve planning conflicts at the expense of the public estate and ecological base.
Surely planners understand the interdependency of nature and society?
Indeed, and many planners have long understood that they must deal with multiple goals and
wicked problems that emerge from our past lack of appreciation of interdependency.
5
It has not
been appreciated, however, that the basis of business decision-making – choosing – was
incompatible
with ‘planning for sustainability’ or expanding substantive choices. There is now a resurgence of
the idea that there is a public good – not just competing individual or pluralist ‘interests’ to choose
among.
6
The green movement was partly founded on the understanding that the public estate and
ecological base is one interdependent whole. It is not just a compilation of resources to be allocated
among petitioners by those wielding King Solomon’s sword. By using decision tools that entrench
a process of
choosing
, however subtle, planning theorists contributed to a development context
that incrementally reduced future social choices. This reductionist conceptual framework (with
its simplified ideas of decision-making and the decision-maker and its set of tacit values) arguably
impedes ecological modernization. Participation and collaboration in planning provided a channel
for taking into account and accommodating differing interests. However, so-called ‘bottom–up’,
participatory planning processes do not, in themselves, protect social diversity and biodiversity.
Irreversible decisions, even though made incrementally and with community engagement, do not
avoid ecological risks. Nor do they erase past mistakes.
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